美国长臂管辖权的多维检视及我国因应之策

Multidimensional Reviews of the Long Arm Jurisdiction of the US and China’s Countermeasures

美国的长臂管辖权旨在突破传统普通法管辖权的严格属地性,从而对域外居民行使特别对人管辖权。其发轫于联邦最高法院的判例,但主要载体为各州的长臂管辖权法。相关判例既考虑"最低限度联系"标准,也斟酌"公平讼争和实质正义"理念,后又发展出"有意利用""可预见性"等准则,以及五点公平考量要素。联邦法院除了借用各州长臂管辖权法,还可依联邦成文法行使长臂管辖权,并在州法院无权管辖时享有补充长臂管辖权。晚近的联邦法院判例对国会立法采用反域外适用推定的解释原则,限制了联邦管辖权范围。在比较法上,美国对外制裁和经济管理的长臂管辖权格外刺目,州长臂管辖权法复杂而多变,与欧洲立法有别,而制度表面差异的背后是深刻的理念分歧。我国应针对美国不同的长臂管辖权分别采取因应之策,有效应对个案,并统筹推进管辖权的国内法治与国际法治。

The long arm jurisdiction in the US aims to break through the strict territoriality of traditional common law jurisdiction and empower courts to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over foreign residents.It originated from the case law of the U.S.Supreme Court and is mainly regulated by long arm statutes of each state.The related precedents emphasize not only the standard of minimum contacts,but also the notions of"fair play and substantial justice".Later the"purposeful availment"and"foreseeability"doctrines and five considerations for justice have been developed.In addition to exercising its long arm jurisdiction in accordance with long arm statutes of a state or of the ferderation,federal courts may also exercise a special long arm jurisdiction when no state court can exercise jurisdiction over a case.The presumption against extraterritoriality of the federal statutes in recent federal precedents has the effect of limiting the scope of federal jurisdiction.Compared with Continental European law,the American jurisdiction relating to economic sanctions or economic regulations seems extraordinarily unique:the long arm statutes of states seem complicated and uncertain.The apparent differences imply the significant divergence between their notions of jurisdiction.China should take corresponding measures against different long arm jurisdictions of the United States.On the one hand,the individual case should be dealt with effectively.On the other hand,the national law on jurisdiction and the international law should be coordinated in the future.