脱贫攻坚政策的溢出效应:基于对非贫困户生活满意度的影响研究

Spillover Effects of Poverty Alleviation in China:A Study Based on Life Satisfaction of Non-Poor Households

脱贫攻坚实现了对农村地区的整体改造。精准扶贫除对贫困人口带来直接影响外,还通过生产生活基础设施改善、社会资本积累和相对收入位置变化对非贫困人口产生溢出效应。本文利用中国贫困人口微观追踪数据库中针对非贫困户展开的调查数据,估计了脱贫攻坚对农村居民生活满意度的影响。研究发现,脱贫攻坚产生了“贫困村效应”,即贫困村居民的生活质量和收入整体提升,显著提高了非贫困户的生活满意度;而贫困户收入的相对增长能够促进农村社会资本积累,但同时会导致非贫困户相对收入位置下降,分别产生正向的“邻善效应”和负向的“位置效应”。更换不同形式的变量和模型,结果依然稳健。异质性研究显示,脱贫攻坚对不同收入水平的非贫困户的影响是不一致的。随着收入的提高,脱贫攻坚的“贫困村效应”增加;而贫困户收入相对增长产生的“邻善效应”和“位置效应”均对于中等收入非贫困户更为显著。综合考虑以上机制对生活满意度的影响发现,脱贫攻坚能够显著提升农村居民的生活满意度,其中对高收入群体的提升作用最为显著。本文的研究拓展了脱贫攻坚影响的评价维度,为全面准确地评估精准扶贫政策的总体效果提供了新的视角。

Poverty alleviation has significantly improved the conditions of China’s rural areas.In addition to enhancing poor people’s well-beings and eliminate poverty in poor areas,the Targeted Poverty Alleviation(TPA)policy package generates large spillovers that have an impact on non-poor households through various mechanisms.Using the survey data of non-poor households in the Micro Tracking Database of Poor Populations,this study estimated the impact of poverty alleviation in China on non-poor residents’life satisfaction.The results show that the policy package have produced a“poor village”effect,in that the village-level polices targeted at poor villages improved the living and working conditions as well as increased the income of all residents in these villages,which has a significant positive effect on the life satisfaction of non-poor households.Meanwhile,the income increase of poor households improved the social capital of non-poor households,and thus had a positive“better neighborhoods effect”on non-poor households’life satisfaction.However,the lower income gap between non-poor households and poor households caused a negative position effect on non-poor households’life satisfaction.Heterogeneity analysis showed that those effects were different for households with different income levels.The positive“poor village effect”was higher for high-income non-poor households.However,the positive effect brought by increased social capital and the negative position effect were significantly higher for middle-income non-poor households.Considering the total impacts of all these mechanisms,poverty alleviation in China can significantly enhance the life satisfaction of non-poor households,especially for high-income groups.This study expands the evaluation dimension of poverty alleviation and provides a new perspective for comprehensively and accurately evaluating the overall effect of the TPA strategy.