专卖制视域下近现代中国乡村手工业研究--以四川省南部县盐业为例

Research on Rural Handmade Industries in Modern China from the Perspective of Monopoly System:Take the Salt Industry in Nanbu County as an Example

乡村手工业是中国农家经济的半边天,对于地方经济和社会发展有着重要影响。近现代中国乡村手工业的长期存续已成为学界的共识,学者们争论的重点是手工业延续和发展的动力问题,本文从国家政策的角度对此问题予以回应。文章通过考察近代以来四川省南部县乡村传统制盐业状况,分析了专卖制度对盐的生产、运销和盐税方面的影响,以及1949年之后因国家政策的调整导致的南部县盐业的变迁及其终结的命运。在近现代乡村传统手工行业中,盐、茶、烟、糖业是较为特殊的由国家专卖政策控制的手工行业,因国家财政及税收与其密切相关,这类手工行业获得了国家相当程度的扶持,以保障其长期的存续,因而其发展轨迹颇异于其他手工行业。研究认为,国家政策对近现代中国乡村手工业的发展和存续产生了重大影响,这对于专卖制和乡村手工业两方面的研究都具有一定的启发意义。

Rural handmade industry has an important impact on local economic and social development.The long-term existence of modern Chinese rural handicraft industry has become the consensus of the academic community.The focus of the debate is on the dynamics of the continuation and development of the handicraft industry.The article responds to this issue from the perspective of national policy.By examining the status of traditional salt production in rural areas of southern Sichuan Province in modern times,the article analyzes the impact of the monopoly system on the production,distribution and taxation of salt industry,as well as the changes and end of salt industry in southern county due to the adjustment of national policies after 1949.The article believes that in the modern rural traditional handicraft industry,salt,tea,tobacco and sugar are a special type of handicraft industry controlled by the national monopoly policy.Because the national finance and taxation are closely related,this type of handicraft industry has obtained a considerable degree of national support to ensure its long-term survival,and its development trajectory is quite different from other handicraft industries.The research in this paper presents a brand-new and thought-provoking reason for the survival of modern Chinese rural handicraft industry,which has certain enlightening significance for the research of monopoly and rural handicraft industry.