清至民初河东盐务管理研究

Research on Hedong Salt Affairs Administration from the Qing Dynasty to the Early Republic of China

有清一代,运城盐池生产属于“专事畦种”,其经营管理则归“商种”;后盐商又有“坐”“运”之分,虽课税日重,但盐务管理依然稳定。1911年武昌起义爆发后,革命浪潮席卷全国,运城地区亦成立河东晋军政分府,以河东临时盐政处接管了清政府在河东的盐务主权,随后在河东盐场逐渐恢复生产之际,晋陕两大军事集团因盐利再起风波,终以陕西方面得食盐馈赠而收场。阎锡山在夺得山西军政大权后多次插手河东盐务,盐利之争复起,但最终以1913年初袁世凯设立的盐运使署为标志,“央地之争”宣告结束。1913年4月“善后借款”合同签订,以保列强外债为目的,成立河东盐务稽核分所,自此河东盐务在稽核分所与盐运使的纠纷冲突之下走上改革进程,盐政主权在此期间遭到侵害。

In the Qing Dynasty,salt in Yuncheng was evaporated in rectangular filed and its operation and management belonged to salt merchants.Although the taxation was getting heavier,the salt affairs administration was still relatively stable.After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911,the Yuncheng area undergo the political conversion and the Hedong Military Branch Government was established.The Qing government was also replaced by the Hedong Provisional Salt Administration Bureau on the sovereignty of Hedong salt affairs.At the time when salt ponds gradually resumed production due to reform measures,the military groups of Shanxi and Shaanxi revived turmoil due to salt profit,and then ended up with salt as a gift to Shaanxi.Later,after Yan Xishan took over the military and political power in Shanxi,he repeatedly intervened in the salt affairs of Hedong.In the beginning of 1913,Yuan Shikai set up the salt transport agency in the name of the central government,which lead to the break down of Yan Xishan’s plan.However,after the dispute between the central and local governments,the signing of the“Chinese Government Reorganization Loan”contract in April 1913 caused the sovereignty of salt affairs to surrender to outsiders.In June,the Hedong Salt Administration Office was established.Since then,Hedong salt affairs embarked on the reform process under the disputes and conflicts of the office and the salt administrator.The salt administration sovereignty was violated during this period.