陶渊明《饮酒》诗新探

New research for the drinking poems from TAO Yuanming

陶渊明《饮酒》其十六“被褐守长夜,晨鸡不肯鸣”,反用《尚书大传》“夏以十三月为正,色尚黑,以平旦为朔;殷以十二月为正,色尚白,以鸡鸣为朔”语典,暗示东晋正朔已失。由此可知,《饮酒》二十首作于晋宋易代之后。《饮酒》二十首最有可能作于刘宋永初三年(422)秋天。《饮酒》二十首主要表现了作者的易代之悲、归隐心态、固穷与立善的人生理念,以及作者仕宦的经历、对世道的痛惜、与故人交谈的情形。《饮酒》诗中与作者对谈的“故人”最有可能是陶渊明的挚友颜延之或庞参军。

“Staying up all night lonely in the coarse clothes,I intensively longed for the crow.”was from the 16th poem in the poems of Drinking.It is inverted of the sentence from The Ancient Books which means that XIA Dynasty regarded the January as the first month of the lunar year,while YIN Dynasty regard the December as the the first month of the year.XIA Dynasty glory the black color and regard the daybreak as the first day of a month.But YIN Dynasty glory the white color and regard the time crow as the first day of month.TAO Yuanming used this literary quotation to imply for the lose of the dominance of East JIN Dynasty.According to it,the group consisting of twenty poems named Drinking was wrote after the replacement between JIN and SONG Dynasty and very likely wrote in the fall of the year 422AD(the third year Yong CHU,LIU Song Dynasty.)The Poems of Drinking presented the sorrow of dynasty‘s replacement,the will for seclusion and the belief of contenting in poverty and doing good deeds.It also narrated his experience of being in office and the circumstance of chanting with friends.In this group of poems,the author deeply deplored the descending of the manners and morals of his time.The“old friend”in the poems might be YAN Yanzhi and PANG Canjun,who are close friends of TAO Yuanming.