宋辽交聘视阈下的送人使辽诗

Study of Liao poetry from the perspective of give and take in Song and Liao dynasties

现存34首送人使辽诗,既有浅层的环境书写与民俗观照,又有深层的民族交流与外交思考,折射出北宋诗家对宋辽交聘与边防形势的深切关注。诸事相较,出使艰辛、民俗书写与恩信维和,大致虚少实多;而宋尊辽卑与契丹畏宋,多是宋人自信的无限夸染,常常虚多实少。弱化维护和平的辛苦经营,强化宋辽交聘的控制能力,在缓解使臣压力的同时,也流露出北宋诗家对国家实力的巨大期待。事实上,无论北宋怀柔,抑或契丹礼敬,均反映了双方对和平友好的珍视。这种讲仁修睦,在送人使辽诗中呈现出厚往薄来、宋尊辽卑的双重性,却在择使标准、致书用语、奉使行程录中难掩平等对话的历史真相,呈现出文本书写的差异性与多样性。

There are 34 poems on sending envoys to Liao dynasty,which not only have shallow environmental writing and folk customs,but also have deep national communication and diplomatic thinking,reflecting the deep concern of poets in the Northern Song dynasty about the situation of communication and border defense between Song dynasty and Liao dynasty.Compared with other things,the hardships of sending envoys,folk custom writing and the peace keeping of good faith are generally more virtual than real,while the Song dynasty’s respect for Liao and the fear of Qidan are mostly the infinite exaggeration of Song people’s self confidence,often more virtual than real.Weakening the hard work of maintaining peace and strengthening the control ability of the Song dynasty and Liao dynasty,not only alleviated the pressure of envoys,but also revealed the great expectation of the Northern Song dynasty poets for the national strength.As a matter of fact,both Huairou and Qidan’s courtesy in the Northern Song dynasty reflected their cherishing of peace and friendship.This kind of benevolence and harmony in the poems of sending envoys to Liao dynasty shows the duality of being generous to others and being humble to Song dynasty.However,the historical truth of equal dialogue can not be concealed in the criteria of choosing envoys,the wording of letters and the itinerary of envoys,showing the differences and diversity of text writing.