正义与发展党执政以来土耳其的巴尔干政策新变化

Turkey's New Policy towards the Balkans since the Ruling of the Justice and Development Party

巴尔干对土耳其具有特殊的意义,曾经深刻影响奥斯曼帝国和现代土耳其的历史进程与发展方向。正义与发展党执政后,土耳其开始重新审视巴尔干的历史和地缘价值,将巴尔干作为土耳其外交的重点区域。正发党改变了土耳其在巴尔干以安全为要义、配合西方的传统政策,奉行独立、积极与多维的政策。这一改变缘于地缘政治的变化及土耳其在这一地区经济、政治和文化影响的不断增强。近年来,土耳其已经成为除美国、欧盟、俄罗斯之外,对巴尔干影响力最强的国家。土耳其强调奥斯曼遗产的积极作用,推出对巴尔干的新政策:发展双边关系,增加高层政治往来;建立多边合作机制;推动巴尔干地区经济一体化,增进彼此相互依赖,以期在巴尔干穆斯林聚集地区塑造特殊影响力。其具体内容包括:改善与塞尔维亚等国的关系,践行“零问题外交”和“积极进取”外交政策;通过多边机制和调解外交促进地区局势的缓和;推行公共外交和文化外交,扩大土耳其的软实力;推进经济一体化,密切与巴尔干国家的经济合作。受主客观因素制约,土耳其在巴尔干的政策仍有其局限性。2016年土耳其未遂军事政变后,其政治和社会的变化给土耳其与巴尔干国家的关系带来了新变数。但无论如何,未来土耳其仍将是塑造巴尔干格局的重要力量。

After the Justice and Development Party(AKP)came into power,Turkey began to re-examine the history and geopolitical value of the Balkans,regarding it as a key area of Turkish diplomacy.The AKP has changed Turkey's traditional security-oriented and West-oriented policy in the Balkans and pursued an independent,positive and multidimensional policy.In recent years,Turkey has become the most influential country in the Balkans apart from the United States,the European Union and Russia.Turkey has stressed the positive role of Ottoman heritage and launched new policies towards the Balkans:developing bilateral relations and increasing high-level political exchanges;establishing multilateral cooperation mechanisms;promoting economic integration in the Balkans and enhancing mutual dependence,This policy includes four aspects:implementing“zero problem diplomacy”and“proactive”foreign policy,which improved the relations with Serbia and other countries;contributing to the relaxation of the regional situation through multilateral mechanisms and mediation diplomacy;expanding Turkey's soft power through public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy;developing close cooperation with the Balkan countries through economic integration.After the attempted military coup in 2016,the political and social changes in Turkey brought new variables to the relations between Turkey and the Balkan countries.In any case,Turkey will remain an important force in shaping the Balkan pattern in the future.