1976年以来丹顶鹤在我国的分布变迁及就地保护状况

Distribution changes and in situ conservation of red-crowned cranes(Grus japonensis) in China since 1976

【目的】了解近40年来丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)在我国的主要分布情况及变化,探讨我国现阶段丹顶鹤的就地保护状况,分析丹顶鹤分布变迁的可能原因,为今后丹顶鹤的保护和研究提供理论基础。【方法】基于1976年《中国鸟类分布名录》中记述我国丹顶鹤的分布情况,通过文献查询、部门咨询等方式,系统搜集丹顶鹤的历史分布资料,将分布信息按照时间顺序进行分类,分析丹顶鹤繁殖地、越冬地分布的时空变化特征,比较不同时间阶段丹顶鹤保护区的就地保护成效。【结果】自1976年以来,我国丹顶鹤新的分布地在多个省区逐渐增加,截至2019年,有丹顶鹤分布记录的自然保护区达119个,分布在16个省区,丹顶鹤繁殖与越冬分布界限也发生了改变。其中,丹顶鹤繁殖分布区由以往广泛分布于我国东部区域转换为现在集中分布的繁殖地所在自然保护区,丹顶鹤越冬分布区由以往长江中下游的多地分布转换为现在的三地分布,即盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区、黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区、辽河口国家级自然保护区。目前,全国已建立57个丹顶鹤保护区,国家级、省级、县市级自然保护区的数量分别为30、18、9个,各占总数的52.6%、31.6%、15.8%。【结论】近40年来,我国丹顶鹤种群的新分布时有报道,其分布现状已经发生了较大变化。由此推测,人为因素的干扰与自然气候的变化是导致丹顶鹤分布变迁的主要原因,自然保护区的管理、其他突发事件也共同影响着丹顶鹤的分布。

【Objective】The distribution range of the red-crowned crane(Grus japonensis) across China over the past 40 years has been collected to explore the current situation of the in situ conservation of red-crowned cranes in China and to analyze possible reasons for the change in the red-crowned crane distribution over a long time. This research provides a relevant theoretical basis for the conservation of red-crowned cranes as well as research on red-crowned cranes in the future.【Method】 The distribution of red-crowned cranes in China was first recorded in the "Checklist on the distribution of the birds of China" in 1976. Based on this report, a combination of methods, including a literature search(published and unpublished documents) and department consultations, was used to systematically collect the distribution data of red-crowned cranes in China and classify that data chronologically. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the reproduction and wintering range of red-crowned cranes were analyzed, and the in situ conservation efficacy of red-crowned crane nature reserves in different time periods was compared.【Result】The research reveals a gradual distribution expansion of red-crowned cranes since 1976 that is currently found in new areas in many provinces and regions of China. By 2019, the distribution of red-crowned cranes was recorded in 119 nature reserves across 16 provinces and regions in China. This caused a change in the boundaries of their reproduction and wintering range. The red-crowned cranes are widely distributed in eastern China but are now centralized in nature reserves where breeding sites for red-crowned cranes are located. The red-crowned cranes used to winter in many places in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China but now winter in three main areas: the Yancheng Wetland Rare Birds National Nature Reserve, the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, and the Liaohekou National Nature Reserve. Currently, a total of 57 red-crowned crane nature reserves have been established across China, of which 52.6%, 31.6% and 15.6% are national-level, provincial-level, and city-level(including county-level), respectively.【Conclusion】The distribution area of the red-crowned crane population in China has changed greatly over the past 40 years since it was first recorded in 1976. It is speculated that human disturbances and changes in the natural climate are the main reasons for the distribution change of red-crowned cranes;at the same time, the management of nature reserves and some additional incidents may also have affected the distribution of red-crowned cranes.