马克思论科学技术的社会性质及其运用的社会影响——基于《1861—1863年经济学手稿》文本的考察􀆽

Marx on the Social Nature of Science and Technology and the Social Influence of Its Application:A Study on the Basis of Manuscripts of Economics(1861-1863)

《1861—1863年经济学手稿》中的一节是“机器。自然力和科学的应用(蒸汽、电、机械的和化学的因素)”,这是马克思从科技社会学角度探索科学技术问题的重要理论成果。科学技术的性质是由占统治地位的生产关系所决定的,资本主义生产关系使得科学技术逐渐成为一种服务于资本的独立力量。科学技术的运用尽管对资本主义社会生产力、生产关系产生了深刻影响,但绝不会改变工人劳动在价值和剩余价值生产过程中的作用。科学技术的运用带给工人阶级的只是生存状况进一步恶化,劳动时间延长、劳动强度增强、工人之间竞争加剧等。

One chapter entitled“Machines,Natural Forces and the Application of Science(Steam,Electricity,Mechanical and Chemical Factors)”in Manuscripts of Economics(1861-1863)is an important theoretical achievement of Marx in exploring the problems of science and technology from the perspective of the sociology of science and technology.The nature of science and technology is determined by the dominant relations of production,and the capitalist relations of production make science and technology gradually an independent force in the service of capital.The use of science and technology,despite its profound impact on the productive forces and production relations in capitalist society,in no way changes the role of workers’labor in the process of value and surplus value production.What the application of science and technology has brought to the working class is no more than further deteriorating living conditions,with prolonged working hours,escalated labor intensity and increased competition among workers.