湖南衡山方言“得”的多功能用法及其语法化

The Multifunctional Usage and Grammaticalization of Word“De”in Hengshan Dialect of Hunan

湖南衡山方言的“得”除了跟普通话一样做动词、助动词、助词以外,还可以做介词,相当于普通话的“给”“拿/用”“到”“被/让”;做叹词,相当于普通话的“注意”“你看”,表达“果然”的含义;做词素,在“V+得”结构中凝固成“V-得”复合词。通过分析湖南衡山方言“得”的多功能用法,大致梳理出衡山方言“得”的3条语法化路径:①动词(得到)→助动词(会/可能)→时态助词(了)→结构助词(补语标记);②动词(得到)→动词(给予)→介词(给)→介词(拿/用)→被动标记(让/被);③动词(得到)→动词(给予)→介词(给)→介词(到)。通过跟其他方言对比发现,衡山方言“得”做能性后置助动词和叹词的用法比较特殊,不做语气助词。

The word“de”in Hengshan dialect of Hunan acts as preposition in addition to verbs,auxiliary verbs,and auxiliary words,which is equivalent to“give”,“be/let”,“at”,“take/use”in Mandarin;Being an interjection is equivalent to“pay attention”and“you see”in Mandarin,expressing the meaning of“sure enough”;being a morpheme,it solidifies into a compound word“V-de”in the structure of“V+de”.By analyzing the multi-functional usage of"de"in Hengshan dialect of Hunan,three grammaticalization paths of"de"in Hengshan Dialect were found out:①verb(get)→auxiliary verb(will/may)→tense auxiliary word(le)→structural auxiliary word(complement mark);②Verb(get)→verb(give)→preposition(give)→preposition(take/use)→passive mark(let/be);③Verb(get)→verb(give)→preposition(give)→preposition(in/to).By comparing with other dialects,it is found that"de"in Hengshan dialect is used as a possessive postpositive auxiliary verb and interjection,which is not used as a modal auxiliary.