适应贵州黄壤生长的氮高效油菜品种筛选

Screening of nitrogen efficient winter rapeseed varieties for growing in yellow soil in Guizhou Province

为筛选适宜贵州黄壤水旱轮作和旱地轮作种植的氮高效冬油菜品种,2018-2019年在贵州省遵义市播州区和毕节市黔西县开展田间试验,以26个不同的冬油菜品种为材料,设置4个氮素水平(0、45、135和180 kg/hm^(2)),探讨品种间在生长、养分吸收及利用效率上的差异。结果发现,两种轮作种植情况下,所有品种的产量随施氮量的增加而增加,在施氮180 kg/hm^(2)时,旱地轮作的产量、产值和经济效益以德油杂11号最优,分别达到3130 kg/hm^(2)、15650元/hm^(2)和9998元/hm^(2),水旱轮作的产量、产值和经济效益也以德油杂11号最优,分别达到2767 kg/hm^(2)、13835元/hm^(2)和8183元/hm^(2)。生物量也以德油杂11号最大。旱地轮作种植冬油菜,氮素农学效率随施氮量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在135 kg/hm^(2)时达到最大值;各品种氮素偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;氮素吸收效率也随着施氮量的增加而降低。旱地轮作种植冬油菜,产量、养分吸收和氮素利用效率均优于水旱轮作种植。推荐德油杂11号、黔油早2号、龙庭1号、庆油1号、金油8号、庆油3号、金农油1号、黔油早1号为较适宜的旱地种植品种,德油杂11号、黔油28号、广源68、庆油3号、华龙油1号、龙庭1号、庆油1号、渝油28为较适宜水旱轮作种植的品种;并认为冬油菜的氮肥管理应该根据轮作模式做调整。

In order to identify high nitrogen efficiency winter rapeseed for both paddy-dryland rotation and dryland rotation planting in yellow soil in Guizhou Province,field experiment was conducted on growth,nutrient absorp⁃tion and utilization efficiency of different rapeseed varieties under 4 nitrogen application rates(0,45,135 and 180 kg/hm^(2),named as N0,N45,N135 and N180 respectively)using 26 varieties.Results showed that yield of all tested varieties increased with nitrogen application rates.Under N180 treatment,Deyouza 11 had the highest yield,output value and economic benefit under dryland rotalion.Its yield,output value and economic benefit reached 3130 kg/hm^(2),15650 yuan/hm^(2) and 9998 yuan/hm^(2).And Deyouza 11 also had the highset yield,output value and economic benifit under paddy-dryland rotation,reached 2767 kg/hm^(2),13835 yuan/hm^(2) and 8183 yuan/hm^(2),respectively.Deyouza 11 also had the largest biomass in both dryland rotation and paddy-dryland rotation.Nitrogen agronomic efficiency in dry field planting increased firstly,and then decreased with nitrogen application rate,and reached the peak value in N135 treatment.Partial nitrogen productivity and uptake efficiency of all tested varieties decreased with nitrogen application rate.Compare to paddy-dryland rotation,rapeseed yield,nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in dryland rotation were much higher.The nitrogen agronomic efficient of winter rapeseed in dry field planting increased firstly,and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and reached the maxi⁃mum value in N135 treatment.Under different nitrogen application conditions,partial nitrogen productivity and ni⁃trogen absorption rate of all tested winter rapeseed varieties decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.The yield,nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of winter rapeseed planted in dryland rotation were better than those in paddy-dryland rotation.Considering the yield,economic benefit and nutrientnitogen uptake and utili⁃zation,8 varieties were recommended for dryland rotation,including Deyouza 11,Qianyouzao 2,Longting 1,Qingy⁃ou 1,Jinyou 8,Qingyou 3,Jinnongyou 1 and Qianyouzao 1.And 8 varieties were recommended for paddy-dryland rotation,including Deyouza 11,Qianyou 28,Guangyuan 68,Qingyou 3,Hualongyou 1,Longting 1,Qingyou 1 and Rongyou 28.It was suggested that nitrogen management of winter rapeseed should be adjusted according to rotation patterns.