正当防卫司法认定中的失范与回归

Anomie and return in the judicial identification of legitimate defense

在国家通过刑罚权这一公权力救济不及的“真空地带”里,正当防卫制度赋予了公民一定限度同不法侵害做斗争的权利。此种“正对不正”的制度设计于司法认定过程中尚存诸多脱序问题亟须检视与解决:首先,在防卫条件方面应揭橥不限于刑事违法程度的侵害前提条件,仅限于客观判断的时间条件,仅限于行为人主观判断的主观条件和兼顾损害的“量”与限度的“质”的限度条件;其次,在防卫过当司法认定层面应力戒“唯结果论”思想而综合考量行为关联因素;最后,辩证看待民意之“一体两面”,明辨端赖于司法公信力、偶有“左右”司法认定之弊病的民意与司法的对立统一关系。于此,希冀弥合正当防卫制度理论研究与司法实践的鸿沟,避免其沦为“僵尸条款”而成为刑法学上的桎梏。

In the“vacuum zone”where the state passes penal power,which is not enough for public power relief,the legitimate defense system gives citizens a certain limit of rights to fight against unlawful infringements.In the process of judicial identification,the design of this“right-to-wrong”system still has many out-of-order problems that need to be examined and resolved.First,in terms of defense conditions,it is not limited to the prerequisites for the degree of criminal violations,but only limited to the time condition of objective judgments,the subjective condition of the perpetrator’s subjective judgment and the“qualitative”limit condition that takes into account the“quantity”of the damage;secondly,it is necessary to avoid the“consequence theory”thinking at the level of the judicial identification of excessive defense,but to consider the behavior-related factors;finally,dialectically view the“one body and two sides”of public opinion,which clearly depends on the judicial credibility,and the ills of the occasional“left and right”judicial identification of of the opposition and unity of public opinion and justice.So the author hopes to bridge the gap between the theoretical research and judicial practice of the legitimate defense system,and prevent it from becoming a“zombie clause”or becoming a shackle in criminal law.