我国水性建筑涂料VOCs排放特征及其环境影响

VOCs Emission Characteristics of Water-based Architectural Coatings and the Influence on the Atmospheric Environment in China

建筑涂料是我国VOCs重要人为排放源之一,关于建筑涂料VOCs组分特征及其对环境影响的研究较少.本文选取7类水性建筑涂料作为研究对象,通过生产企业抽检、工程现场采集和市场购买等方式获取样品,采用GC/MS系统对样品进行分析,获取了各类水性建筑涂料ρ(VOCs)和成分谱,分析了其对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成的贡献.结果表明:①不同种类水性建筑涂料ρ(VOCs)范围为0~116.07 g·L^(-1),ρ(VOCs)差异较大,但均满足相关标准要求,水性内墙涂料、水性外墙真石漆与质感漆、水性外墙平涂与弹性涂料、水性防水涂料、水性地坪涂料、水性防腐涂料和水性防火涂料的平均ρ(VOCs)分别为6.66、1.12、24.51、0.89、61.62、41.86和0.09 g·L^(-1);②各类水性建筑涂料均以醇类、醇醚及醚酯类和胺类为主,水性地坪涂料和水性防腐涂料中芳香烃和烷烃质量分数较高;主要VOCs物种为:乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、甲醇、正丁醇、乙二醇单丁醚、三乙胺、2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇(APM)和二甲基乙醇胺(DMEA),水性地坪涂料和水性防腐涂料中还含有二甲苯、三甲苯、间乙基甲苯和正十一烷等;③单位体积水性建筑涂料O3生成量(以O3/涂料计)为0.17~224.89 g·L^(-1),其中,单位体积水性地坪涂料的O3生成量最大.各类水性建筑涂料中对OFP贡献较大的为醇类、芳香烃类和醇醚及醚酯类物质.二甲基乙醇胺、二甲苯和三甲苯具有较高的反应活性,对臭氧生成的影响较大,应优先予以控制;④单位体积水性地坪涂料和防腐涂料的SOA生成量(以SOA/涂料计)分别为0.72 g·L^(-1)和0.11 g·L^(-1),其他种类水性建筑涂料单位体积SOA生成量几乎为零,表明重点控制水性地坪涂料和防腐涂料中芳香烃和烷烃的浓度有利于减少二次有机气溶胶的生成.⑤将水性建筑涂料和溶剂型建筑涂料对环境影响比较发现,单位质量水性建筑涂料VOCs浓度、O3和SOA生成量远小于溶剂型建筑涂料,从源头上采用水性建筑涂料替代溶剂型建筑涂料可以有效降低VOCs排放量及削减二次污染物的生成量.

Architectural coatings are an important anthropogenic emission source of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in China;however,there are few studies on the VOC component characteristics and environmental impact from architectural coatings.In this study,seven types of water-based architectural coatings were investigated.The coating samples were obtained from production enterprises,architectural engineering sites,and markets and were analyzed using the GC/MS system.The mass concentration and composition spectrum of VOCs in various water-based architectural coatings were established,and the contributions of water-based architectural coatings to ozone and secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation were investigated.The results showed that:①ρ(VOCs)in different types of water-based architectural coating samples ranged between 0-116.07 g·L^(-1),showing considerable variety;however,they all met the requirements of relevant standards.The averageρ(VOCs)for the water-based interior wall coatings,water-based exterior wall real stone coatings and textured coatings,water-based exterior wall flat coatings and elastic coatings,water-based waterproof coatings,water-based floor coatings,water-based anticorrosive coatings,and water-based fire-resistant coatings were 6.66,1.12,24.51,0.89,61.62,41.86,and 0.09 g·L^(-1),respectively.②The main components in various types of water-based architectural coatings were alcohols,alcohol ethers and ether esters,and amines.Water-based floor coatings and water-based anticorrosive coatings had relatively high percentages of aromatics and alkanes.The main VOC species in various types of water-based architectural coatings were ethylene glycol,1,2-propanediol,methanol,n-butyl alcohol,2-butoxyethanol,triethylamine,2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol,and N,N-dimethylethanolamine.The main VOC species in water-based floor coatings and water-based anticorrosive coatings still contained xylenes,trimethyl benzenes,m-ethyl toluene,and n-hendecane.③The O3 productions(O3/coatings)for various types of water-based architectural coatings ranged from 0.17-224.89 g·L^(-1);among them,water-based floor coatings had the highest production.Alcohols,aromatics,and alcohol ethers and ether esters were the main components that contributed significantly to the OFP in various types of water-based architectural coatings.N,N-dimethylethanolamine,xylenes,and trimethyl benzenes with high reactivity had a large influence on ozone production and should be controlled preferentially.④The SOA productions(SOA/coatings)for water-based floor coatings and water-based anticorrosive coatings were 0.72 g·L^(-1) and 0.11 g·L^(-1),respectively,and the SOA productions for other types of water-based architectural coatings were nearly zero.This suggests that it may be advisable to reduce the concentrations of aromatics and alkanes in water-based floor coatings and water-based anticorrosive coatings,as their control is an efficient strategy for SOA reduction.⑤Comparing the environmental impact between water-based architectural coatings and solvent-based architectural coatings,the VOC concentrations and O3 and SOA productions per gram of water-based architectural coatings were much lower than that for solvent-based architectural coatings.Therefore,the implementation of a water-based architectural coating substitution strategy from the source could effectively reduce VOC emissions and abate O3 and SOA productions.