道本无封,返真通变——傅山会通儒道的庄学新诠

The Tao of No Seal,Return to Truth and Changing——Fu Shan’s New Interpretation of Zhuangzi by Integrating Confucianism and Taoism

傅山以儒为本,会通儒道来重新诠释《庄子》。他以真善整全的"无封"之道为超越性基础与依归,立本于儒家差异化的人伦实存,并参酌庄子思想中"丧我""无己"的养性工夫,以破除自我封界,恢复人的整全生命本真,达至"伦与物忘"的人格自由、彼我平等之境。傅山认为,在个人的德性成就基础上,天道中本有的儒家仁义礼制规范亦可去除固化、异化之弊而复归内在精神实质,超越世俗的善恶分界而顺天应人,并在具体、历时性的现实存有中变通践履。基于强烈的儒家现世关怀和道德实践精神,傅山有效消解了庄子超然世外、蔑弃人文、取消是非的消极无为倾向。傅山如此会通儒道重释《庄子》,对于拯救当时的时弊,复兴中华文明、救世济民,起到了重要作用。

From the perspective of that Jingxue and Zixue are equal,based on Confucianism,integrated with Confucianism and Taoism,Fu Shan reinterpreted "Zhuangzi". Based on his strong caring for the world,Fu Shan used Confucian thoughts such as the harmony between nature and humanity,the value of benevolence and righteousness,and the positive view of history to transform Zhuangzi’s ideological tendencies such as abandoning humanities,obliterating right and wrong,and passively avoiding the social lives. At the same time,Fu Shan absorbed the views of Zhuangzi’s natural way and self-reflection to get rid of the disadvantages of Confucian moral solidification and alienation. The foundation of Fu Shan’s Zhuangxue thoughts is "The Tao of No Seal",which is manifested in the generation of concrete things in the universe. Human beings possess the true and benevolent nature from the Tao,becoming a unity of body and mind. However,people gradually depart from their nature due to self-sealing,so they have to do moral practice of "losing oneself" in their daily lives. On the basis of individual virtue achievements,people can realize the free and equal realm of inter-material differences. Fu Shan believes that humane value norms such as benevolence,righteousness,loyalty and filial piety are inherent in the Tao,but only by getting rid of the fame and hypocrisy and returning to the true nature of life,can we consciously abide by them and adapt them to practice in the concrete and diachronic reality.