美国博士后发展的政策、实践与经验——基于全美博士后协会2017年调查报告的分析

Postdoctoral Policies,Practices and Experiences of the United States——An Analysis Based on the 2017 National Postdoctoral Association Institutional Policy Report

美国作为世界博士后制度的执牛耳者,历经140多年的实践探索和制度演变,已经形成了比较完善的博士后政策体系,并积累了丰富的实践经验。自20世纪90年代以来,美国大学协会和国家科学院等权威机构先后发布了一系列博士后调查报告,其中,全美博士后协会发布的《满足博士后的需求:2017年机构政策报告》反映了美国博士后组织架构、管理政策、聘用过程、薪酬福利、培训项目、多元化和校友联络等方面的最新政策实践。美国高校和科研机构通过加强博士后办公室和博士后协会的双重组织,制定并完善通用性和专门性博士后政策,开展多样化、高质量博士后培训,促进博士后多元化并拓展博士后校友网络助推博士后事业发展的典型经验可为新时代我国博士后的制度建设、政策设计和创新实践提供有益的借鉴。

As the leader of post-doctoral system in the world,the United States has formed a relatively perfect post-doctoral policy system and accumulated rich practical experiences after 140 years of practical exploration and institutional evolution.The Association of American Universities,National Academy of Sciences and other authoritative institutions have published a series of postdoctoral reports since 1990s.One of them is the Supporting the Needs of Postdocs:2017 Institutional Policy Report published by U.S.National Postdoctoral Association,which reflects the new policies and practices on postdoctoral organization structure,administrative policies,appointment process,compensation and benefits,training programs,diversity and alumni of postdoctoral institutions.The institutions try to improve postdoc experience through establishing active postdoc offices and association,making general and specific postdoc policies,maintaining various training programs with high quality,and facilitating postdoc diversity and fostering alumni network,which are valuable to China’s postdoctoral system,policies,and practices.