小国人道主义援助不合作进程中的行为逻辑——基于缅甸国内的两个案例比较

Behavioral Logic in the Process of Non-Cooperation in Humanitarian Aid of Small States——Based on a Comparison of Two Cases in Myanmar

援助合作是国家有效应对人道主义危机的重要途径之一。然而,国际社会中不少国家特别是小国的援助不合作行为引起关注,既有研究集中于静态的结构视角,且尚未对小国拒受援助的不合作行为做出有效的系统性解释。本文提出从静态与动态相结合的“过程—结构”分析视角出发,观察小国在表意、胁迫与调试阶段中人道主义援助不合作行为的演变,对其一般性过程与机制进行了探讨。缅甸的援助不合作行为是自身缺乏接受援助意愿、存在多元援助方替代选择与国际舆论因素综合作用的结果。政治性援助决定了一国主观上缺乏援助合作的意愿,而外部环境的客观因素如国际舆论、援助来源方选择则决定了国家是否具备援助合作的能力,并且只有二者同时具备时一国才会形成援助不合作行为。对人道主义援助不合作行为的研究不仅有助于增强重大危机面前小国参与全球治理行为的理解,还对未来中国对外人道主义援助的具体实践有一定的政策启示和参考价值。

Aid cooperation is one of the essential ways for states to respond to humanitarian crises effectively.However,the non-cooperation in humanitarian crisis from many states,especially from small states in the international community,has attracted much attention.Previous studies have focused on a static and structural perspective,which have not yet made effective and systematic explanations for non-cooperative behavior of small states.This article proposes to observe the evolution of non-cooperative humanitarian aid behaviors of small states in the expressive,coercive,and debugging phases from the perspective of“process-structure”,which combines static and dynamic analysis and discusses its general processes and mechanisms.The non-cooperative behavior of Myanmar in aid is the product of the lack of its willingness to accept aid,the existence of multiple alternative aid options,and international public opinion factors.The political nature of humanitarian aid leads to the lack of willingness to cooperate subjectively,while the objective factors from the external environment,such as international public opinion and the diversity of aid sources,determine whether a state could have the capability for aid cooperation.All those factors together lead a state to make the choice to not to cooperate in aid.The study contributes to enhancing the understanding of small states participation in global governance when faced with major crises,and it also has certain policy enlightenment and significance for the practice of China s foreign humanitarian assistance in the future.