水利的兴修与秩序的重建:山西农村水利社会探析——以清末至民国晋东地区为中心的考察

Construction of Water Conservancy and the Reconstruction of Order:Analysis of Shanxi Rural Water Conservancy from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

在北方半干旱地区,生产、生活用水一直是关系到当地人生存的重点话题。面对山西独特地理位置下不能改变的自然环境、人口增长与农耕经济发展的张力、官府治水中触及不到的广大山区农村及其日趋激烈的用水需求,乡民站在自救的立场上,因势利导地开辟了乡民共同参与的水利建设及利用路径。从田野调查和现有的一些文献资料来看,清末至民国山西农村的水利建设及利用经历了一个从无意识到有意识,从无序到有序的转变过程,其中一些水利设施及形成的用水规制至今仍然在农村地区沿袭下来。因此,对清末至民国山西水利的建设及利用方式的探讨,能够更好地挖掘北方半干旱地区的用水文化,也为目前北方农村山区水利基础设施的建设与水利社会的发展提供可资借鉴的历史本土资源。

In the northern semi-arid region,water for production and living has always been a key topic related to the survival of local people.In the face of the unchangeable natural environment under the unique geographical condition of Shanxi,the tension between population growth and the development of the agricultural economy,the vast mountainous rural areas untouched by the government's water control,and the increasingly intense demand for water,villagers,standing in the position of self-help,worked together to open up a path for water conservancy construction and utilization based on the local situation.According to the field investigation and some existing documents,the construction and utilization of Shanxi rural water conservancy from the late Qing dynasty to the Republic of China experienced a transformation from unconsciousness to consciousness,from disorder to order,and some of water conservancy facilities and established water regulations are still applied in rural areas.Therefore,the discussion on the construction and utilization mode of Shanxi water conservancy from the end of the Qing dynasty to the Republic of China can better tap the water culture in the semi-arid area of North China.It also provides historical native resources for the construction of water conservancy infrastructure and the development of water conservancy society in northern rural mountainous areas.