司法裁判中宪法援引的实证研究

An Empirical Analysis of Constitutional Invocation in Judicial Adjudication

推进宪法的全面实施要求进一步考察司法领域中的宪法实施路径。宪法援引是宪法在司法领域实施的重要方式之一,通过大数据视角下的数据检索与案例分析,可以较为全面地了解司法裁判中的宪法援引情况,从而展开司法领域中宪法实施的实证研究。以援引主体为标准,司法裁判中的宪法援引可分为法院宪法援引和当事人宪法援引。对不同时段宪法援引案件进行全国性、地方性大数据统计以及具体案例的归纳分析,检视当前我国司法裁判中的宪法援引现状,发现法院的宪法援引案件数量明显少于当事人的宪法援引案件;无论是宪法援引的形式还是社会影响力,法院的宪法援引比当事人的宪法援引更具代表性;两种宪法援引都存在规范化问题。宪法援引应遵循基本的原则,设定适当的前提条件,同时,最高人民法院应就宪法援引的规范性要求作出统一规定。

Promoting the comprehensive implementation of the constitution requires further investigation into the possibility and the path of constitutional implementation in the judicial field.Constitutional invocation is one of the important ways to implement the constitution in the judicial field.Through data retrieval and case analysis by means of big data,the situation of constitutional invocation in judicial judgment can be comprehensively investigated,so as to carry out empirical research on the implementation of the constitution in the judicial field.According to constitution invokers,constitutional invocation can be divided into invocation by the court and invocation by the person involved.With the synthesis and analysis of the national and local big data and specific cases involving constitutional invocation,we have examined the current situation of the constitutional invocation in judicial adjudication.The main findings are as follows.The number of cases involving constitutional invocation by the court is obviously less than that of the cases involving constitutional invocation by the litigant;the invocation of constitutional provisions by the court is more representative than that by the litigant,in terms of either formation or social influence;and both kinds of invocation have normative problems.Therefore,the invocation of constitutional provisions should be conducted in accordance with certain fundamental principles,and some preconditions ought to be set.Meanwhile,the Supreme People's Court shall make unified provisions on the normative requirements of constitutional invocation.