壁画起甲修复材料性能评价指标体系的构建初探

Construction of an evaluation indicator system for mural flaking repairing materials

材料性能评价指标体系是材料研究、应用推广中的重要一环,具有建立量度标尺、规范性能参数和推动行业发展等重要作用和意义。在航空、航天,汽车,建筑工程,油漆涂料等行业,目前已建立了相对成熟、完善的针对各类型材料的评价指标体系,拥有科学、系统的指标评价方法,及相对深入的理论研究。相比之下,相对小众的文物保护、修复材料应用领域,如古代壁画保护修复材料的性能评价与研究,发展还相对缓慢,研究基础相对滞后。本研究分析了壁画起甲病害的材料学成因(各种物理、化学作用),总结了国内外壁画修复材料性能评价研究的进展(包括简要的修复材料应用历史),借鉴上述成熟行业评价、研究的模型和方法,采用“需求-性能-评价指标”体系,分析并尝试提出了壁画起甲修复材料的评价指标、方法及体系。初步提出的指标总分为材料有效性、安全性和耐久性3类,具体包括材料的黏结性、渗透性、水汽透过性、流动性、光学性能、化学惰性(酸碱性)、无毒害性、耐温湿度、光照、盐害及微生物作用等14项。此外,本研究还分析了所列指标评价方法的适用性、存在的问题和面临的困难,指出了壁画是受到本体(多种材料、多层结构)因素和所处环境因素多重作用叠加的特点,说明了从修复实践中发展来的工艺、手艺性(操作)也是壁画修复对材料要求的一种特殊性表现;讨论了进一步完善起甲修复材料评价指标体系所需的数学建模分析的工作构想。该评价指标体系的提出,将为我国文物保护、修复材料评价研究中壁画起甲修复材料的研究、应用推广、新材料研发;为已有材料的合理使用与持续优化;为壁画修复项目的规范开展,奠定坚实的科学工作基础。

The evaluation indicator system of materials is an important aspect of materials research,application and promotion.It has important functions and meanings with regard to building measurement standards,regularizing parameters of material properties and promoting industry development.In the aviation,aerospace,automotive,construction engineering,paint and coating industries,relatively mature and complete evaluation indicator systems for various types of materials have been established and possess scientific and systematic indicator evaluation methods and relatively in-depth theoretical research.In contrast,the development of such systems for cultural heritage conservation and restoration materials,such as those used for evaluation and research on ancient mural conservation and restoration materials,is relatively slow,and the research basis is relatively lagging.This article analyzes the reasons of mural flaking(including various physical and chemical effects),and summarizes the international and domestic progress of study on evaluation of properties and adaptability of mural repairing materials(including a brief history of application of restoration materials).By using the model of“requirement-property-evaluation indicator”and analyzing the evaluation indicators and methods,an evaluation indicator system was proposed.The evaluation indicator system is divided into three categories—effectiveness,safety and durability—and includes fourteen items:cohesiveness,penetrability,water vapor permeability,fluidity,optical property,chemical inertness(including alkalinity or acidity),nonhazardous effect and ageing resistance to temperature,humidity,light,salt and microorganisms.The suitability,problems and difficulties of specific methods for the evaluation indicators are also analyzed.It is pointed out that murals are superimposed by the multiple effects of the main body(multiple materials,multi-layer structure)and the environment.And it is also explained that the craftsmanship(operation)developed from the restoration practice is also a special manifestation of the material requirements for mural restoration.Further optimization proposal of the construction of the evaluation indicator system by using mathematical modeling and analysis for mural flaking repairing material was presented.The proposed evaluation indicator system will provide a solid scientific foundation for the research,application promotion,and new material research and development of mural conservation and restoration materials.