物、财产抑或工具:人工智能法律属性比较分析

Objects,Property or Tools:A Comparative Analysis of Legal Attributes of Artificial Intelligence

人工智能的根本特性是近人性,是一种由数据、软件和硬件组成的具有理性能力,能自主和交互完成人类指定任务的独立客观存在。人工智能具有理性能力是其近人性之根本,而自主性、交互性和唯一性是其近人性的外在表现。人工智能因其构成要件特殊而无法被纳入物的范畴,若仍视其为民法上的物,将与“一物一权”原则相悖。关于人工智能的法律属性,在与船舶、动物和冷冻胚胎进行比较后可知,在自然属性方面人工智能是比动物更“近人”的自然存在,在社会属性方面人工智能是不完全受控于人类的“近人”的社会存在,其法律属性是一种具有近人性的财产,而非完全受控于人类的工具,从而有可能成为法人型的“人”。

The fundamental characteristic of artificial intelligence(AI)is its near-humanity,which is an independent objective existence composed of data,software and hardware,with rational ability,and is capable of autonomously and interactively completing tasks assigned by humans.The rational ability of AI is the foundation of its near-humanity,while the autonomy,interaction and uniqueness are the external manifestations of its near-humanity.AI cannot be included in the category of objects because of its special components.If it is still regarded as an object in civil law,it will be contrary to the principle of“one object,one owner”.Therefore,for the legal attributes of AI,after comparing with ships,animals and frozen embryos,we can see that in terms of natural attributes,AI is a much“nearer-to-humans”natural existence than animals.In terms of social attributes,AI is a social“near-humanity”existence that is not completely controlled by humans.Its legal attribute is a kind of property with nearhumanity,not a tool which is completely controlled by humans,so it is possible to become a“person”of legal entity.