中国考古学百年回顾与前瞻

On the Prospect of Chinese Archaeology

19世纪的考古学主要在方法上创新,让考古资料成为基于时空联系的系统,进入科学研究的范畴。三期说是一种宏观的考古资料体系的建构。遗存主要以遗址的形式存在,遗址全部由遗迹构成,遗迹全部由遗物构成。地层学揭示遗迹的时空关系,类型学主要揭示遗物的时空关系。20世纪的考古学主要在理论上创新,使考古学研究从具体层面达到抽象层面,根据遗存探索文化与社会。文化历史主义与新进化论是两个不同层面的理论,一个着眼于文化的变迁过程,一个着眼于社会的进化过程。新进化论和历史唯物论具有互补性,新进化论侧重宏观的演化框架,历史唯物论侧重具体的社会历史。21世纪的考古学主要在技术上创新,显微分析技术、化学成分与物相分析技术、同位素分析技术、古DNA研究等,让考古学走向微观世界;测绘技术、大数据、GIS等,让考古学走向宏观世界,这些研究会不断丰富文化及其历史的内涵。

The methodological innovation in archaeology in the 19 th century made it a scientific discipline.The three-stage argument made a ground structure for archaeological data. Stratigraphy could reveal the spatial and temporal relation of relics, while typology reveals that of the remains. The innovation of archaeology in the 20 th century focused on theory, which aimed at exploring culture and society. Cultural history, targeting at social transformation process, is divergent from neo-evolution theory, which complemented each other. A series of technological innovations have come to light and characterized archaeology of the 21 st century, which would continuously enrich our understanding of the cultural and historical nature.