仰韶与龙山之间:公元前3千纪前半叶中原社会的变革

In between Yangshao and Longshan

公元前3千纪前半叶是中原社会转型的关键时段,也是在仰韶和龙山文化这两个传统的时空坐标下备受考古学研究关注的时段。本文着重从文化谱系、社会发展和绝对年代三个方面对这个过渡阶段进行综述。庙底沟晚期,仰韶文化内部开始发生变化,大汶口文化的礼制从各个方面对中原社会形成潜移默化的影响;仰韶晚期,整个中原地区形成了东、西、西南和东南四个大的文化片区,秦王寨文化与关中西部的仰韶晚期文化的社会复杂化程度最高,屈家岭文化和大汶口文化共同对中原产生强烈影响;龙山早期,中原形成大汶口文化晚期与庙底沟二期文化东西对峙的新局面。区域发展的时空不平衡性是公元前3千纪前半叶中原社会的重要特点,同时来自东西两个"半月弧"地带的诸多文明要素深刻影响了中原社会早期文明化的进程。

The first half of 3 rd Millennium BC is a key period for the social transition in Central Plain, which has attracted many archaeologist’s interests based on the Yangshao and Longshan Culture as spatial-temporal coordinates on the study of prehistoric China. This article focuses on three aspects of this transition period including cultural history, social development and absolute dating. During the Late Miaodigou, sustainable changes could be discerned within the Yangshao Culture. Distributive power was imposed into traditional Yangshao Culture which used to be collective-powered society by Dawenkou Culture. In the Late Yangshao,four culture spheres formed in Central Plain, with Qinwangzhai Culture and Late Yangshao Culture in west of Guanzhong basin developed into early hierarchical societies. Both Qujialing and Dawenkou Cultures shed great light on the Central Plain within this period. In the early of Longshan, the confrontation between east and west of Late Dawenkou and Miaodigou Ⅱ was the main cultural patterns in Central China. In sum, the spatial-temporal heterogeneity was the main characteristic for the development of prehistoric Central China.Two Arc belts in west and east China had great impacts to the Central China on its trajectory to early complex societies.