现实主义的生成与消解——评詹姆逊的《现实主义的二律背反》

The generation and dissolution of realism:A review of Fredric Jameson’s The Antinomies of Realism

著名马克思主义文艺理论家弗·詹姆逊的新作《现实主义的二律背反》对现实主义发起新一轮研究,试图寻找其生成与消解的内在动因,以厘正各种混乱解释。本论文从四个方面梳理其核心观点:1)詹姆逊对现实主义做了现象学的本质还原,在对巴尔扎克、左拉、托尔斯泰等人的作品解读中,抽丝剥茧般呈现其内在叙事构成。2)他把叙事构成中的显性因素"叙事冲动"剥离出来,以揭示现实主义的内在驱动力量。3)他对现实主义与体裁的消解做了结构主义的拆分与组装式的辨析,最终在辩证法的视野中揭示小说性(虚构性)的衰退是造成现实主义消解的根本原因。4)在现实主义叙事与历史的关联中,他清晰地阐述了现实主义与现代主义之间的转换关系,让现代主义不再神秘。这四个方面环环相扣、逻辑关系密切,展现了詹姆逊的理论脉络。

The famous Marxist theorist Fredric Jameson’s new work The Antinomies of Realism has initiated a new round of research on realism.He tries to find the internal reasons for its generation and dissolution,in order to clarify its chaotic understanding.This essay summarizes his core ideas from four aspects as follows:First,through the interpretation of the works of Balzac,Zola and Tolstoy,he shows the phenomenological nature of realism and its internal narrative structure.Second,in order to reveal the inner driving force of realism,he separates the dominant element“narrative impulse”from the narrative structure.Third,he makes a structuralist analysis of the dissolution of realism and genre,and finally reveals that the decline of fiction is the main reason for the dissolution of realism from the perspective of dialectics.Fourth,in the connection between realism narrative and history,he clearly elaborates the internal transformational relationship between realism and modernism,which makes modernism no longer mysterious.These four aspects are intertwined and closely and logically related,showing the context of Jameson’s theory.