关于马克思劳动所有权思想的争论与澄明——基于对伍德与科恩观点的评析

The Debate and Clarification of Marx’s Thinking on Labor Ownership: Based on Comments on Allen Wood and G.A.Cohen

学界关于马克思劳动所有权思想的争论包含两种对立的观点,以伍德为代表的一方认为马克思反对从劳动所有权出发谴责资本主义的不正义性,并将劳动所有权作为资产阶级法权观念加以拒斥,同时又制造了马克思认为资本主义剥削是正义的理论困境;以科恩为代表的另一方则认为劳动所有权构成马克思批判资本主义剥削的规范依据,但却引出了马克思主义与自由主义共享规范前提的悖论。马克思对劳动所有权不是抽象地、普遍地肯定或否定,而是基于历史演进的不同阶段来判断劳动所有权的虚假性、恰切性、现实性以及弊端和扬弃。他既批判劳动所有权作为资本主义生产方式的产物在资本主义现实中走向反面并成为观念上的假象,又赞成工人阶级将劳动所有权作为批判资本主义生产关系的道德依据,并在新的生产关系下讨论其实现和扬弃。经过文本和理论的双重澄明,马克思劳动所有权思想在当代仍是资本主义批判和自由主义批判的重要理论资源。

There exists a contemporary debate about whether or not Marx accepted labor ownership. One side, with Allen Wood as its representative, claimed that Marx objected to condemning the injustice of capitalism in light of labor ownership and that Marx rejected labor ownership as a capitalist juridical concept. Yet at the same time, this proposition implied that Marx regarded capitalist exploitation as just, thus producing a theoretically difficult situation. G. A. Cohen, as the leading figure of the other side, argued that labor ownership constituted a normative basis for Marx’s criticism of capitalist exploitation. However, it led to a dilemma where Marxism might share its normative foundation with liberalism. Instead of making abstract affirmations about labor ownership and accepting or denying it as a notion applicable to all cases, Marx examined its falsity, relevance, feasibility,limitation and sublation according to the different stages of history. On the one hand, Marx criticized that labor ownership, which resulted from the capitalist mode of production, veered in the opposite direction in the reality of capitalist society and became an ideological illusion. On the other hand, Marx encouraged the proletarians to establish their moral criticism of the capitalist production relations on labor ownership. Marx also discussed about the realization and sublation of labor ownership under the future production relations. By means of textual and theoretical clarification, Marx’s thinking on labor ownership demonstrates itself as a theoretical resource still important for the contemporary criticism of both capitalism and liberal political philosophy.