基本权利之“基本”的内涵--以法国法为中心

An Examination of the Meanings of Fundamental Rights:Taking French Constitutional Law as an Example

20世纪70年代末以来,法国法在基本权利理论建构层面深受德国法影响,在较为短暂的50年的发展过程中,积极寻觅比较法和本土资源,形成了较为体系化的基本权利理论。基本权利可在形式、价值、结构、共性等多重维度下进行学理证成、规范建构与实践适用:在形式层面通过宪法序言进行转介,对权利入宪路径进行明确;在价值层面注重基本权利的客观面向,博爱、平等、自由的价值分别注入到权利主体、公权力机构保障义务与权利实质内容的要求中;而在结构层面,基本权利之"基本"的内涵则更多体现在与其他国家权力配置和运行的紧密关联之中;最后,在共性层面,尤其体现为基本权利保障程序趋同的过程,不断调适欧盟法律资源、邻国比较法经验和本土司法实践资源。当下,基本权利已成为我国宪法学研究的一个重要范畴,在比较法层面也颇受德国法浸润,研究的样态从权利个别化走向基本理论体系化的构建。法国基本权利的发展历程对我国宪法研究中基本权利的类型、新型权利入宪路径均有所启发,一定层面有助于厘清基本权利内核,并对法院如何在司法实践中参与基本权利保障等问题提供参考。

The system of fundamental rights in French Constitution in its theoretical construction has been deeply influenced by German law since the end of 1970 s.It has come into being over a relatively short span of 50 years,by drawing on the experience of both its native resources and comparative law ones.Upon close examination of the French experience,the fundamental rights can be theoretically justified and built into laws and put into practice from the multi-dimensions of form,value,structure and generality.In form,they are written into the preamble to the constitution,specifying the path for their entry into the constitution;In value,they lay emphasis on their objects,implanting the values such as liberty,equality and fraternity into the substance of rights for the subjects and into the substance of the obligations for the public authorities to protect the rights;In structure,essentially they are closely coordinated with the distribution of power among state agencies;In generality,they are guaranteed through the convergent procedures,by constantly accommodating to EU legal resources,comparative law experience from neighboring countries,and native judicial practice.At present,fundamental rights in China have become an important category in constitutional studies,which have been deeply influenced by German law too,and have evolved from the discrete theoretical studies to the systematic ones.In fact,the French experience can shed some light onto the study of the types of fundamental rights in China’s constitution,and onto the path for the entry of new rights into the Constitution.In addition,it can also help to illuminate the core values of fundamental rights,and provides reference for the Court in China to participate in the protection of fundamental rights in ordinary litigations.