俄罗斯高等教育体制改革及存在的问题

Reform of the Russian higher education system: history and problems

俄罗斯的高等教育体制脱胎于苏联模式。由于俄政治经济体制和社会意识形态较之苏联发生了根本性变革,同时在高等教育国际化趋势的推动下,自20世纪90年代起,俄罗斯开始对高教体制着手改革。改革内容涵盖了教育结构、人才培养模式等多个方面。本文在论述俄罗斯高等教育体制形成和改革全过程的基础上,重点梳理俄高教人才培养结构演进的关键阶段,力求纠正我国现有研究中存在的认知性错误,依据真实详细的基础数据,分析俄高教改革措施推进后产生的主要问题。

The Russian higher education system inherited the model of the Soviet system. Under the background of radical changes in the political system, economic system and social ideology of Russia after the collapse of the USSR, and driven by the trend of internationalization of higher education, Russia has begun to reform its higher education system since the 1990 s. The reform covers many aspects, including the educational structure and the personnel training mode. This work is devoted to the review of historical development of the Russian higher education system. On this basis, special attention is paid to the key stages in transforming the structure of personnel training for higher education, with a view to correcting cognitive errors in this regard that exist in relevant literature in China. The article presents detailed and reliable statistical data on the reform, examines the specific measures taken in the course of the reform, and analyzes the problems caused by them.