由仁转智——论阳明学派对“是非之心”的辨析

From Ren to Knowledge:the Debates of “the Mind of Right and Wrong” by Yangming Scholars

对宋明理学家而言,如何理解四端之心是一个至关重要的问题。在程朱一系的解释中,仁之德性“偏言则一事,专言则包四者”,是四端之中心。阳明学兴起后,由于王阳明对是非之心的强调以及“知”“智”古字相通,因此部分王门后学提出“良知为智”这一命题,并进而主张“知(智)亦统四端”,倾向于以“智”的角度诠释良知,并通彻于心德之全部,希望由此彰显并保住心之超越性、涵盖性、主宰性以及纯粹至善无对性。仅以对是非的判断定义良知,引发了部分学者以后天之念而非道德本心理解良知的歧见,由此又引起了王门内外学者的理论反思。

How to interpret the“Four Sprouts of Heart”was essential to the scholars of Neo-confucianism of Ming and Qing dynasties.According to the school of Chen&Zhu,the center of the Four Sprouts of Heart is Ren being the virtue which includes one thing generically and four things specifically.After the rise of Yangming school,the idea of“conscience is knowledge”was advanced by the scholars of later generations due to the emphasis on the mind of right and wrong and the interchangeability of the two Chinese characters“知”and“智”.The scholars further developed the idea of“Zhi(知)”into encompassing four aspects and elaborating conscience from the perspective of Zhi.This interpretation triggered the theoretical reflections of scholars of Yangming School.