从“不当立”到“篡位”——关于胡亥即位历史记忆的演变

From"Should Not Be Enthroned"to"Usurper":Two Kinds of Memories about Huhai's Accession of the First Emperor

陈胜、吴广起义时反秦宣传中的胡亥“不当立”并未说明胡亥是篡位,只是宣称他的才干不如其兄扶苏,因而不适合为君。《赵正书》中关于胡亥合法继承帝位与其“不当立”的历史记忆应是来自于此。汉高祖时太子刘盈与赵王刘如意的储位之争,使得“胡亥篡位说”成为官方的主流看法。贾谊并未选择此说的原因,当与汉文帝时期的政治氛围紧密相关。《史记》虽承认“胡亥篡位说”,但仍保留关于胡亥合法继承帝位的记载。此时“胡亥篡位说”虽已成为官方定论,但“胡亥不当立说”在当时仍有广泛流传,这才导致司马迁记叙中出现矛盾。

In the anti-Qin popular uprising propaganda,Huhai(胡亥)was pictured as a person who should not be enthroned which is different from pointing him as a usurper.This should be the source of the related record of Zhao Zheng Shu(《赵正书》).Dispute about Huhai’s legitimacy of throne succession appeared in early Han period when a throne competition between the Crown Prince Liu Ying(刘盈)and Prince Liu Ruyi(刘如意)was going on.In that context,taking Huhai as a usurper became the mainstream point of view.Jia Yi(贾谊),on the other hand,did not adapt this point of view because the political atmosphere had changed in the time of Emperor Wen’s reign.Shi Ji of Sima Qian(司马迁)adapts the mainstream point view that called Huhai a usurper but meanwhile retains the saying of that Huhai was a legally inheritor of the First Emperor.