骏枣不同树形冠层结构、产量和果实品质的比较

Comparison of canopy structures,yield and fruit quality in different shapes of Junzao

【目的】探索适宜的优质高产骏枣树形,为其高效优质树形的培养和整形修剪提供参考。【方法】以7年生新疆阿克苏地区枣主栽品种骏枣为研究对象,采用树冠分层法,分析枣头形、小冠疏层形和开心形的树体结构、冠层二次枝种类及枝量分布和产量、果实品质。【结果】枣头形树形每株的二次枝总量最多,达35.7,比小冠疏层形和开心形分别高出27.5%、98.3%。3种树形的冠层主要分布的为2年生二次枝。小冠疏层形和开心形的枝量主要分布在树冠中、下层;枣头形主要分布在树冠中层,上层和下层分布均匀,树势均衡。枣头形和小冠疏层形树冠的中、上层为主要产量来源,开心形树冠的中、下层为主要产量来源,3种树形冠层的主要产量来源均为2年生二次枝。枣头形的单株产量显著高于小冠疏层形和开心形。在各冠层中,3种树形骏枣的单果质量、优质果率由高到低依次均为开心形、枣头形、小冠疏层形,且在各冠层这些指标由高到低依次均为上层、中层、下层。各冠层的裂果率由高到低依次为小冠疏层形、开心形、枣头形。在各冠层中,单果质量和优质果率由高到低依次为上层、中层、下层,裂果率由高到低依次为下层、中层、上层。枣头形果实内在品质优于其他2种树形,且3种树形均以树冠中、上层果实品质较优。【结论】枣头形骏枣树形的树冠二次枝量、果实产量、果实品质优于小冠疏层形和开心形。

【Objective】The study is to explore suitable Junzao tree shape with high quality and high yield,and to provide reference for the tree shape cultivation and pruning of jujube with high quality and high efficiency.【Method】Taking the main Junzao jujube variety planted over 7 years in Aksu region of Xinjiang as an example,the study analyzed tree structure,canopy secondary branch types,branch quantity and distribution,yield and fruit quality of jujube head shape,small crown thin layer shape and open-hearted shape by the method of canopy stratification.【Result】The total amount of secondary branches per tree of jujube head shape was the highest(35.7),which was 27.5%and 98.3%higher than that of small crown thin layer shape and open-hearted shape,respectively.The canopy layer of 3 shapes were mainly two years secondary branches.The number of branches in the small crown thin layer shape and open-hearted shape of the crown was mainly distributed in the middle and lower layers.The branches of jujube head shape was mainly and evenly distributed in the middle canopy,and evenly distributed in the upper and lower layers,and the tree structure was balanced.The main yield sources of the jujube head shape and small crown thin layer shape were the middle and upper layers,the main yield resources of the bifurcation crown were the middle and lower layers,and the main yield sources of the three kinds of crown were the two year secondary branches.The yield per plant of jujube head shape was significantly higher than that of small crown thin layer shape and open-hearted shape.The decreased order of single fruit mass and high quality fruit rate of the three kinds of Junzao were open-hearted shape,jujube head shape and small crown thin layer shape,and in each canopy,the decreased order of these indexes was upper,middle and lower.The decreased order of fruit cracking rate of each canopy was small crown thin layer shape,open-hearted shape and jujube head shape.The decreased order of single fruit mass and high quality fruit rate were upper,middle and lower,and the cracking fruit rate were lower,middle and upper in each canopy.The fruit quality of jujube head shape was better than that of the other two tree shapes,and the fruit quality of the middle and upper part of the crown of the three tree shapes was better.【Conclusion】The number of secondary branches,fruit yield and fruit quality of Junzao with jujube head shape were better than those with small crown thin layer and open-hearted shape.