以文化地理学四对视角展示景观意义的多元发掘方法--以圆明园为例

Exploring the Meanings of Landscape Using the Four-Pairs-of-Perspective Method in Cultural Geography--Taking Yuanmingyuan as an Example

景观意义具有多样性,在规划实践中如何系统挖掘景观意义以及应该以何种态度观察景观意义,是需要探索的问题。新文化地理学提供了发掘景观意义的四对视角:近视和远观、置身与观察、眼睛与大地、文化与自然。圆明园是清代景观设计的典范,文章尝试用这四对视角综合发掘圆明园的景观意义,指出多角度的意义发掘有助于景观保护方案的创新;还尝试以人文主义地理学为指导,从段义孚提出的地方感受价值、强权心理学和文化想象力3个方面出发,提出发掘圆明园景观意义时,应重视容易被忽视的“近视”“置身”“眼睛”“自然”视角,从而与其他视角组合为更好的景观观察方式。

The meanings of landscape are diverse.How to systematically explore the meaning of landscape in planning and what attitude one should adopt to observe the meaning of landscape are issues that need to be discussed.The new cultural geography study provides four pairs of perspectives to explore the meaning of landscape,namely:proximity/distance,inhabitation/observation,eye/land,culture/nature.Yuanmingyuan,the Old Summer Palace,was a classic model of landscape design in the Qing Dynasty.This paper tries to apply the four pairs of perspectives to comprehensively explore the meanings of the landscape in Yuanmingyuan,and points out that the identification of meanings from multiple perspectives can contribute to innovation of the landscape conservation plan.This paper also attempts to take humanistic geography as a standpoint and take the three aspects proposed by Yi-Fu Tuan to find the balance between each pair of perspective,which are the felt quality of place,the psychology of power,and culture as imagination.It is proposed that when planners discover the meanings of landscape in Yuanmingyuan,they should pay more attention to the easily overlooked perspectives of“proximity”,“inhabitation”,“eye”,and“nature”,such that they can be combined with other perspectives to form a better way of landscape observation.