基于突出普遍价值的世界自然遗产地生态恢复探索--九寨沟火花海实践

Ecological Rehabilitation of Natural World Heritage Based on Outstanding Universal Value--A Case Study on Jiuzhaigou’s Sparkling Lake

世界自然遗产地的突出普遍价值(outstanding universal value,OUV)会受到自然灾害的威胁,灾后生态恢复与遗产地管理措施不能对OUV产生显著新增负面影响。九寨沟的OUV为自然美学价值,2017年8月8日7.0级地震导致九寨沟美学价值受损,特别是使一个钙华湖泊(火花海)因决堤而干涸。在联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心和世界自然保护联盟的支持下,为了降低潜在次生地质灾害对社区生命财产的威胁,相关管理部门对火花海进行了生态恢复。文章仅介绍火花海生态恢复的方案及效果。生态恢复内容包括决口修复以恢复蓄水能力,坝体加固以防治内部灾害,钙华微地貌和水形设计及植被修复以恢复景观;采用当地震损的石块与钙华为主要原材料,以改良的糯米浆作为材料黏合剂。景观特征评估法揭示,生态修复使火花海美学价值恢复到接近地震前水平。93%的九寨沟县受访居民对修复效果满意,并提出加强植被恢复等建议。火花海生态恢复方案结合 了我国传统智慧与当代工程艺术,在灾害治理的同时兼顾景观美学价值,达到了近自然修复效果。 火花海生态恢复可为其他钙华景观或自然遗产地的保护提供参考。

The outstanding universal value(OUV)of natural world heritage sites are threatened by natural disasters.Post-disaster ecological restoration and heritage management should not cause additional negative impacts on OUV.The OUV of Jiuzhaigou is natural aesthetic value,which was affected by a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in August 8th,2017,in particular,a tufa lake,Sparkling Lake,flooded and dried out.Supported by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization’s World Heritage Center(UNESCO WHC),and the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN),in order to prevent potential secondary georgical disasters,the local administration restored the Sparkling Lake.This paper aims to introduce the ecological restoration design and effects.The ecological restoration was composed of①tufa dam reinforcement and repairment to restore lake water and to prevent additional dam damages,②tufa dam micro-topography and water shape design,and③vegetation restoration on the repaired tufa dam.For the tufa dam reinforcement and repair,damaged rocks and tufa blocks from local secondary geological disasters(e.g.,landslides and tufa dam failures)were used as the main construction materials.Modified traditional glutinous rice slurry was used as a binder for the rock and tufa blocks.Based on the landscape character assessment,we found that the aesthetic value of Sparkling Lake is greatly restored and is close to the pre-earthquake level.In Jiuzhaigou county,93%of the residents surveyed were satisfied with the restoration effect,and also put forward suggestions to further enhance the aesthetic value,such as vegetation restoration.The Sparkling Lake Ecological Restoration Project has combined traditional wisdom and contemporary engineering art,providing experiences for the protection of other tufa landscapes and natural heritage sites.