北齐“曹衣出水”式佛像考辨

Textual Research on the Buddhist Statues in "Clothes Painted by Cao as Raising Out from Water" (Cao Yi Chu Shui) in the Northern Qi Dynasty

“曹衣出水”式佛像由北齐曹仲达创立,是北齐为了颠覆前朝汉制而新创的佛像样式,与外来影响密切相关。本文依据文献与图像的考察,推定“曹衣出水”应为佛衣刻画特征的描述,而非造像效果的呈现,与印度笈多秣菟罗“湿衣佛像”并无关联,从而纠正了以往学界的固有看法。公元5世纪以来,师子国取代印度成为海路佛像的源点,影响波及我国。该国创立的“僧伽罗”佛像不仅是“曹家样”的原型,其衣纹雕刻技法,也为我国佛画用笔提供了参考和依据。