我国新型职业农民培育的政策目标与实践探索

Policy Objectives and Practical Exploration of Cultivating New Professional Farmers in China

培育新型职业农民是促进我国农业供给侧结构性改革的关键,是破解“谁来种地,谁会种地”这一突出社会问题的重要路径。目前,我国培育新型职业农民还处于探索时期,缺乏成熟的经验,新型职业农民培育实践与新型职业农民培育的政策导向和发展目标具有较大的偏差。数据显示,新型职业农民培育实践存在以下问题:选择培育对象缺乏针对性;培育方式不合理;管理部门较多,资源分散;监督机制不健全等。在农民层面,主要存在思想认识不清,参与动力不足;受教育程度普遍较低,知识水平与接受能力有限等问题。研究表明,精准定位培育对象并实行差异化分类培训;及时获取培育反馈,建立科学规范的培育机制;建立新型职业农民培育综合管理部门;改进考核评价体系,提高农民参与培育的积极性;建立农业准入机制,明确农民职业身份概念;加强农村基础教育、职业教育,开发“一主多元”的新型职业农民培训体系等改进策略对提高新型职业农民培育实践效果具有显著作用。

Cultivating new professional farmers is the key to promoting the structural reform of China’s agricultural supply side.It is an important path to solve the problem of“who will farm and who can farm”.At present,the cultivation of new professional farmers in China is still in the exploration period.There is a big deviation between the cultivation practice of new professional farmers and the policy guidance and development goal of new professional farmers,due to the lack of mature experience.The data shows that there are the following problems in the practice of fostering new professional farmers:there is a lack of pertinence in the selection of cultivated objects;the cultivation pattern is unreasonable;resources are scattered because there are more management departments;the supervision mechanism is imperfect,etc.At the level of peasants,there are mainly unclear ideological understanding and insufficient motivation to participate;the education level is generally low,and the knowledge level and acceptance ability are limited,etc.The research shows that positioning of cultivation objects precisely and implementing differentiated classification training;obtaining feedback on cultivation in a timely manner and establishing a scientific and standardized cultivation mechanism;establishing a comprehensive management department for the cultivation of new professional farmers;improving the evaluation system and improving the enthusiasm of farmers to participate in the cultivation;establishing agricultural access mechanism and clarifying the concept of peasant occupational identity;strengthening rural basic education,agricultural vocational education and developing a“the one main stem with many other branches”new professional farmer training system.These improvement strategies will play significant roles in improving the practical effect of cultivating new professional farmers.