海南民间伏波信仰的特点

Characteristics of Folk Fubo Belief in Hainan

与中国其他地区的伏波信仰相比较,海南民间的伏波信仰呈现出三点不同:其一,我国大多地区伏波庙主要祭祀马援,有的地方兼祀马援和路博德或有路博德专祠,而海南绝大多数伏波庙兼祀马援和路博德,仅少数伏波庙专祀马援;其二,伏波在唐宋时期是国家先贤、家族祖先,明清时期成为地方保护神,而在海南,伏波在唐宋时期是海神,明清时期既是先贤也是与海南普遍崇奉的峒主相类似的地方保护神;其三,中国其他地区和海南的伏波信仰总体而言均经历由盛到衰的变化,但在前者,国家对正祀和淫祀的区分是决定因素,而在海南,起源于中国其他地区的天妃信仰因福建、广东等地移民迁入而得以普及,使得伏波神格转化和信众逐渐减少。

Compared with Fubo belief in other parts of China,Fubo belief in Hainan presents three differences.First,in most parts of China Fubo temples mainly offer sacrifices to Ma Yuan,and some places offer sacrifices to both Ma Yuan and Lu Bode,or some areas exclusively worship Lu Bode.While in Hainan,most Fubo temples offer sacrifices to both Ma Yuan and Lu Bode,and few worship Ma Yuan exclusively.Second,Fubo was a sage of China and an ancestor of some people in Tang and Song dynasties,and became a local patron saint in Ming and Qing dynasties.In Hainan,Fubo was a sea lord in Tang and Song dynasties,and was both a sage and a local patron saint similar to Dongzhu(village lord)widely worshiped by Hainan people in Ming and Qing dynasties.Third,generally speaking,Fubo belief in other parts of China and Hainan went through a process from prosperity to declination.But for the former,the national discrimination of orthodox worship and unorthodox worship is the determinant.In Hainan,popularity of Tianfei belief originated from other parts of China and brought in Hainan by the immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong provinces is a primary cause which made Fubo change its godhood and lose some of its believers.