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明成化年间文溪改道对广州城市人居环境的影响

Inf luence of Wenxi Diversion in Ming Dynasty on the Urban Human Settlement in Guangzhou
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摘要 文溪在广州城的起源和发育阶段,具有供水、排水、防洪、防御和交通的多重功能,是广州城的立城之源。广州城常受季节性洪涝灾害的威胁,隋唐采用以"蓄"为主的排水策略,宋代则改为以"导"为主,在解决水患的同时,营造了良好的人居环境。明代广州城市扩张,致使水患加剧。为应对灾害,地方官民迫使文溪改道,由此出现了水体萎缩、积水成患等水环境效应。水系的改变带动了城市人居环境的变迁,广州的发展呈现出——城市街道"内聚外扩",功能分区"内缩西迁",景观体系"内消北移"的结构性重组,土地利用性质也随之发生改变。文溪改道虽然在短时间内抑制了城市洪灾的发生,但未能彻底解决水患,绵延清代数百年仍未解决,广州城也因此失去了水城的人居景观特色。结合GIS分析,研究表明,重视城市水循环系统、厘清水的脉络再对水系进行改造是非常重要的,以期为当代城市防洪和人居环境建设提供经验。 During the establishment and development of the ancient city of Guangzhou,a large amount of water was needed to meet the requirement for water supply.The Wenxi River,which flows from the Baiyun Mountain in the north of the city,became the source of all the water supplies in Guangzhou,constantly providing water for other water systems in the city.During the subsequent development of the city,Wenxi also played its role in providing drinking water resources in the city and draining the city’s sewage during the flood season when there was a large amount of rain to prevent the city from being flooded.The wide water system outside the city served to prevent invasion by foreign enemies.The water network throughout the city provided convenient water transportation,which was especially important in ancient times when boats were the primary means of transportation.Guangzhou,with its subtropical monsoon climate,was often threatened by seasonal floods during its long development.To solve this problem,during the Sui and Tang dynasties,it was adopted to collect rainwater into a series of cisterns,so that it would slowly seep down.From the Tang dynasty,lakes were dug to collect rainwater used as farming water during the dry season.Then,in the Song Dynasty,the strategy shifted from rainwater collection to a combination of collecting and directing rainwater to drain outward.This approach not only solved the flooding problem but also created a beautiful environment for the city of Guangzhou,which was known as a water city.Finally,by the time of the Ming Dynasty,the city of Guangzhou continued to expand,which aggravated the problem of flooding and caused severe flood disasters.In the rainy season,pedestrians were in siltation,and flooding also brought many diseases and mosquitoes.It was not until the Republic of China period when the cisterns were rebuilt in the city that the flooding was alleviated.The disappearance of Wenxi also led to changes in the urban living environment of Guangzhou at the same time,and the characteristics of the water city no longer existed.At this time,the internal functional areas within the city were also reorganized.The city streets expanded to the outside of the city on the one hand and clustered to the inside on the other.The functional areas of the city also kept moving towards commercially developed places.The landscape features within the city were disappearing and began to seek sites in the outskirts.The disappearance of the water system also led to the disappearance of the inner-city landscape.For example,before the Ming Dynasty,Wenxi surrounded Fanshan.The gas condensed into the fog in the middle of the mountain,forming a cloudy landscape,which was one of the most beautiful landscapes in Guangzhou city and attracted poets to write poetry.And with the disappearance of Wenxi,this landscape also disappeared.The city gradually ceased to be the primary destination for tourists to visit,and the landscape continued to shift to the suburbs.So by the Qing Dynasty,Fanshan,as one of the most famous attractions in Guangzhou city,had disappeared.The characteristics of the water city in Guangzhou gradually disappeared as well,mainly in the southern bank of the Pearl River and the Xiguan area on the outskirts of the city.The silting up of the city’s water system resulted in the loss of dock functions,further curtailing commercial development.At this time,new water systems had to be developed outside the city for the development of commercial areas.To develop commerce,the Ming Dynasty government developed the Daguan River as a new commercial dock area in the Xiguan area west of the city.Thus the commercial area began to move outside the city.The outward shift of the commercial center was followed by the outward shift of the residential area.The functional areas within the city began to be reorganized,and the functional areas outside the city were gradually enriched,breaking through the limitations of the city walls and developing in the suburbs,laying the foundation for the commercial development of Xiguan in the Qing Dynasty.Today,we used GIS analysis technology to evolve the water system of Guangzhou city.We found that the water circulation system of Wenxi was very reasonable and conformed to the topography of the city.The forced change of its flow route in the Ming Dynasty instead led to the loss of water sources in the city,disrupting the flow path of the water system and further harming the living environment of Guangzhou city.We should learn from this urban water system transformation and not make similar mistakes again in the construction of future urban water systems.
作者 邢启艳 陆淳风 王鑫宇 XING Qiyan;LU Chunfeng;WANG Xinyu
出处 《西部人居环境学刊》 CSCD 2021年第6期110-117,共8页 Journal of Human Settlements in West China
基金 亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室课题(2017KB06) 广州大典博士论文资助项目(2019GZB04)。
关键词 人居环境 明代广州 文溪改道 城市防洪 Human Settlement Environment Ming Dynasty in Guangzhou Wenxi Diverted City Flood Control
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