晋东南传统聚落水环境适应性营造智慧——以晋城市泽州县南峪村为例

Water Environment Adapted Building Wisdom of the Traditional Villages in the Southeast of Shanxi Province: Take Nanyu Village in Zezhou County as an Example

水环境的适应性营造是生态适应性的重要组成部分。为了探究晋东南水环境的适应性,研究在现场调查和建筑测绘的基础上,利用空间句法软件Depthmap分析选址布局与水环境物质底板的关系,将晋东南传统聚落水适应性环境营造总结为"双层循环子系统"的宏观框架和"单一元素多功能使用"的系统特征,同时将其微观呈现归纳为四个方面。得出结论:第一,城市化背景下传统聚落的变革模式应该延续"缓慢渐进的适应模式"来创造和改善人居环境。第二,"从与自然共生的角度出发"和"整体与个体相结合"是晋东南传统聚落水适应性环境营造经验总结,对解决现代城市问题有重要的借鉴作用。

Under the background of agricultural civilization,traditional villages are in a slow and gradual process of adaptation.Society,nature and etiquette create the core idea of ecological wisdom of “harmony between man and nature”,and form a stable state of uniform texture,coordinated function and compact space.In the traditional ecological view of China,“harmony between man and nature” is the process of mutual recognition and adaptation between man and nature.It is a process of not only conforming to and respecting nature,but also transforming and utilizing nature,and creating a harmonious living environment.Although China’s construction industry has initially achieved modernization,it is also facing a series of new challenges and problems,such as how to choose architectural form,how to use advanced technology,how to reflect traditional culture and so on.One of the core reasons is that under the impact of contemporary new technology,the research and application of new construction methods ignore the inheritance and utilization of traditional village construction wisdom,resulting in the confusion of cultural identity.The adaptive construction of water environment is an important part of ecological adaptability.On the basis of field investigation and building surveying and mapping,this paper analyzes the relations between the site selection and layout and the material floor of water environment by using the space syntax software Depthmap.The material floor of the water environment has also imperceptibly affected the spatial layout of the settlement in the long-term development and evolution of the village.In the structure of “mountain-field-pool-village-river-field”,as the core element,“river” grasps the main line of the development of traditional settlements,and has a unique impact on the spatial layout of settlements.In this paper,the traditional adaptive environment construction of water gathering and falling in southeast Shanxi Province is summarized as the macro framework of “double cycle subsystem” and the system characteristics of “single element multi-functional use”.The macro framework mainly includes six structural elements:hillside forest land,steep slope terrace,high-level pool,village,village river and gentle slope terrace.According to the altitude,it is classified into the upper circulating water system and the lower circulating water system respectively,and divided into four zones:rainwater management area,domestic water area,production water area and natural purification area.At the same time,the paper concludes its micro presentation into four aspects.The first aspect is the three-level drainage adapting to mountainous terrain.The first level is drainage at the building level.Rainwater flows from the roof to the ground.The second level is the drainage at the courtyard level.Rainwater is intensively discharged from the drainage ditch to the outside of the courtyard.The third level is street level drainage.The rainwater is discharged to the road,then discharged to the foot of the mountain by using the road height difference.The second aspect is the four wells that adapt to the spatial form.The geographical location and significance of water wells in traditional mountainous village in southeast Shanxi Province have high requirements.The third aspect is activities of water culture adapting to the folk.Roller coaster activities are generally held at village gatherings such as temple fairs.The activity of running dry boats is carried out along the main street and riverside streets in the traditional building area on the west side of Nanyu Village.The fourth aspect is the production mode adapting to water and soil conditions.In the structure of “mountain-field-pool-village-river-field” in Nanyu Village,the dryland terrace production mode divides blocks with different elevations according to contour lines to build ridges,which is the improvement and transformation of cultivated land in mountainous areas.Conclusion:1) water environment adapted building wisdom of traditional villages has important reference value for solving the problems of excessive utilitarianism and rapidity of modern urban development.Under the background of urbanization,the transformation mode of traditional settlements should continue the “slow and gradual adaptation mode” to create and improve the living environment.2) In the process of urban development,the relations between human and nature has gone through several stages of “born in nature-fearing nature-using nature-transforming nature-returning to nature”.Symbiosis with nature will also become the guiding ideology of urban development in the future.The integrity of “integration of the whole and the individual” emphasizes comprehensiveness and pursues the construction of overall efficiency rather than the construction of the individual.Under the guidance of this adaptive thought,the city itself becomes an integrated ecosystem.It can build and deal with the relations between various levels and multiple levels to realize deep-seated benefit superposition.“From the perspective of symbiosis with nature” and “integration of the whole and the individual” are the experience summary of the traditional water gathering adaptive environment construction in the southeast of Shanxi Province,which can be used as references to solve the modern urban problems.