自甘冒险规则的类型化分析——基于《民法典侵权责任编》第1176条第1款的分析

Typological Analysis of Assumption of Risk-Based on the Analysis of Article 1176-1 of Tort Liability of Civil Code

《民法典侵权责任编》第1176条第1款确立的自甘冒险规则,该规则并非绝对免责事由,而是减责事由与免责事由的结合。除了自甘冒险规则,运动致害不能归责双方时,还应适用损失分担规则。本文以不同的标准对运动致害进行类型化研究。当这种运动的性质从高组织性、商业化转变为低组织性、松散型减幂顺序排列时,该种运动所会发生的适用理论就相应地从综合技术手段的实际应用扩展到“自甘冒险”理论,直至损失分担规则,责任承担的方式从免责到减责再一直延伸到损失的分担。

Article 1176-1 of Tort Liability of Civil Code establishes the rule of risk-taking,which is not an absolute exemption,but a combination of relief and exemption.In addition to the risk-taking rule,the losssharing rule should be applied when the sports injury can’t be attributed to both parties.In this paper,different standards are used to categorize sports injury.When this movement is arranged from high organized commercialization to the properties of low loose organization,the applicable theory of the movement goes from the application of comprehensive means to the"risk-taking"theory to the application of fair liability,and the way of liability undertaking changes from exemption to reduction of liability to loss-sharing.