清代海洋治理的地域文化与协调机制

The Regional Culture and Coordinating Mechanism of Marine Governance in Qing Dynasty

清代海洋治理跟传统海洋文化发展密切相关,深受地域文化争论的严重制约,至今仍未能得到学人应有的重视。清代禁海与开海政策,不仅跟政权性质、朝廷决策、国防战略等有关,同时也受制于沿海地方势力、地方文化的深层影响。朝廷未能协调不同区域的良性竞争,尤其是闽粤之争,给清代海洋开发的进程、格局、力度和效果带来诸多实质性影响。重粤轻闽,成为清朝后期海洋治理的重要特征,它也为了解明清中国的对外关系,特别是中国跟世界的联系,提供了重要的观察窗口。

Marine governance in the Qing Dynasty was closely related to the development of traditional marine culture and was severely constrained by regional cultural disputes.It was seriously restricted by the debate of regional culture,and has not yet been paid attention by scholars so far.The policy of ban⁃ning and opening the sea in the Qing Dynasty was not only related to the nature of the regime,imperial decision-making andnational defense strategy,etc.but also subject to the deep influence of coastal local forces and local culture.The imperial court failure to coordinate the healthy competition in different re⁃gions,especially the dispute between Fujian and Guangdong,brought many substantive influences on the process,pattern,strength and effect of marine development in the Qing Dynasty.Emphasizing Guangdong over Fujian became an important feature of maritime governance in the late Qing Dynasty.It also provided an important window of observation for understanding China’s foreign relations in the Ming and Qing Dy⁃nasties,especially China’s connection with the world.