身体、生态与后人类美学

Body,Ecology and Post-human Aesthetics

近几年来,有关后人类的言说已经变得蔚为大观。在这个过程中,新物质主义的兴起起到了重要作用。它引导学者由迷恋语言转向重视物质,继而回归身体与生活世界。虽然生态理论大家海瑟曾于2008年宣告“后身体”时代已经来临,但这个回归的过程非但没有终止,而且形成了延续至今的精神轨迹。从某种意义上说,后人类美学必然落实到身体的维度。恰如哈拉维在《赛博格宣言》中指出的那样,有机体与机器将结合为我们通常所说的后人类,而这意味着承认人是一种身体性存在。正是由于意识到了这个事实,物质生态女性主义者阿莱默将赛博格视为人类、机器、自然(尤其是动物)的混合体。随着生命-机器和人类-动物的界限被跨越,一种加强版的身体美学和生态美学已经出现,支撑着正在生成中的后人类美学。在由此形成的视域中,生态学和身体学形成了相互通达的关系。从生态学的观点出发审视后人类美学,我们会重新发现身体的意义。可以说,从身体出发的理论建构具有双重的作用:既证明了生态文化的合法性,又解构了曾经流行的超人主义。无论人获得怎样的强化,她/他都是身体性存在,都依赖生态环境和技术体系。从这个角度看,真正后人类的后人类美学必然呈现人类-自然-机器的交互主体性,最终体现多元物种伦理。

In recent years,post-human discourse has become spectacular.The increasing prominence of“new materialism”played an important role in this process.It leads scholars from infatuation with language to attaching importance to materiality,and then return to the body and life world.Ursula Heise,an ecological theorist,announced in 2008 that the era of“post-body”had arrived.Far from ending,the process of this return left a spiritual trajectory that continues to this day.In a sense,post-human aesthetics is bound to manifest in corporeality.As Donna Haraway points out in The Cyborg Manifesto,organisms and machines will be combined into what we usually call post-human,which means that human is recognized as corporeality.Realizing this fact,Stacy Alaimo,a material ecofeminist,regards Cyborg as a mixture of human being,machine and nature(especially animals).With the crossing of the boundaries between life and machine,and human and animal,an enhanced version of body aesthetics and ecological aesthetics has emerged,supporting the emerging post-human aesthetics.From this perspective,ecology and somatology have developed a relationship mutually accessible.Examining post-human aesthetics from the ecological point of view,we will rediscover the meaning of the body.It can be said that the theoretical construction from the body has dual functions.It not only proves the legitimacy of ecological culture,but also deconstructs the once popular transhumanism.From this perspective,post-human aesthetics that is truly post-human will inevitably signify a human-nature-machine interactive subjectivity,and finally reflects multi-species ethics.