美国高校运营的联邦资助研究与发展中心体制探究

Research on Mechanism of Federally Funded Research and Development Centers Funded by American Universities

[目的/意义]自2015年军民融合成为国家战略以来,国内学者开始对军民融合视角下的智库建设开展研究,高校军民融合智库建设也逐步发展起来。然而,目前建设军民融合智库仍然以军事院校和科研院所为主体,研究型大学的军民融合智库建设研究较少,实际发展也较为缓慢。相对地,美国军民融合智库发展较为成熟,由联邦政府提供资助、由高校等日常运营的自主研究驱动型国家实验室——美国联邦资助研究与发展中心具有一定代表性与参考价值,因此,本文选取美国联邦资助研究与发展中心为研究对象,分析其产生背景与发展现状,剖析其运行机制,为我国高校军民融合智库建设提供借鉴。[方法/过程]本文主要通过文献调研和网络调研的研究方法,梳理美国联邦资助研发中心的发展背景和历程,介绍美国高校运营的联邦资助发展中心主要概况和运行机制。[结果/结论]美国高校运营的联邦资助研究与发展中心在《美国联邦采购条例》的规范性约束下,采用"资助机构-承包商-研发中心"等多级治理结构,通过合同制或合作协议等形式,与高校进行合作运行,经由美国国会、美国政府问责办公室以及相关联邦资助机构的定期评估优胜劣汰,实现对美国长期重大的国家战略问题和核心高、精、尖技术展开日常研究,对我国高校军民融合智库在治理机制、经费管理、审查评估、人才管理和成果管理方面具有重要的参考价值。

[Purpose/significance]Since civil-military integration has become a national strategy from 2015,domestic scholars have begun to do research on the construction of think tanks from the perspective of civil-military integration.At the same time,think tanks about civil-military integration in universities and colleges are also developing.However,military academies and scientific research institutes are still the main bodies for the construction of think tanks about civil-military integration while universities do less research on this topic,and the actual development is also very slow.By contrast,America develops better in this aspect than in our nation.Mission-driven national laboratories funded by federal governments and operated by universities in the USA—Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) have great values.Thus,this paper choosing these centers as the object of the study and analyzing the background and mechanism of these centers can help the construction of universities’ think tanks about civil-military integration in our country.[Method/process]This paper summarizes the development and history of federally funded research centers in order to introduce the mechanism of these centers through literature research and network research.[Result/conclusion]FFRDCs operated by American universities are restricted by Federal Acquisition Regulations,using multi-level governance as ‘funding agencies-contractors-R&D centers’ through contract system or cooperative agreement with universities.Through the regular assessment from U.S Congress,U.S Government Accountability and other federal funding agencies,those great centers can be held while the bad ones will be eliminated.These centers carry out daily research on major long-term national strategic issues and core advanced technologies of America,which is valuable for the construction of think tanks about civil-military integration in universities in our country.