美国“长臂管辖”的欧盟应对:措施、成效与启示

The EU’s Response to the US“Long-Arm Jurisdiction”:Measures,Effects and Enlightenments

近年来,美国奉行"美国优先"的对外政策,滥施"长臂管辖",对欧盟金融机构处以高额罚款,限制欧盟出口和再出口,极大影响了欧盟的对外贸易。为此,欧盟采取了多种应对措施:首先,以美国《赫尔姆斯—伯顿法》等违反WTO规则为由,诉诸WTO争端解决机制;其次,先后通过《关于反对第三国立法域外适用的第2271/96号条例》及其修正条例等阻断性立法;再次,2016年制定《一般数据保护条例》以扩大其在数据保护领域的域外管辖权。这些措施为欧盟实体提供防御机制,并在数据领域促使美国审慎行使"长臂管辖权"。为应对美国"长臂管辖",中国可以细化已有的阻断性立法,在特定领域适度扩大域外管辖权,加快建设中国法域外适用法律体系,提升中国司法和执法能力建设。

In recent years,the United States has pursued“American First”,used the law as a weapon in economic warfare,abused“long-arm jurisdiction”,imposed high fines on EU financial institutions,and restricted the EU exports and re-exports,which greatly affected the foreign trade of the EU.To this end,the EU has adopted a variety of countermeasures.Firstly,the EU appealed the US to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism,claiming that Helms-Burton Act violated the WTO law.Secondly,the EU enacted successively blocking statutes including Council Regulation(EC)No.2271/96 and its amendments in 2018.Furthermore,the EU formulated the General Data Protection Regulation to expand its extraterritorial jurisdiction in the field of data protection.These measures have alleviated the negative impact of the US“long-arm jurisdiction”on EU companies,provided a defense mechanism for EU entities,and forced the US to exercise“long-arm jurisdiction”more cautiously on the premise of protecting the rights and interests of the EU in the data field.Accordingly,China may refine its existing blocking statues,appropriately expand extraterritorial jurisdiction in specific areas,accelerate the establishment of extraterritorial application system of domestic law,and enhance its own judicial capability and law enforcement capability.