桑给巴尔分离主义运动与坦桑尼亚联合政府的有效治理

The Separation Movement in Zanzibar and the Effective Governance by the Union Government of Tanzania

桑给巴尔分离主义运动的兴起,既反映了岛内民众对桑给巴尔在坦桑尼亚联合体制中地位下降的不满,也与岛内经济衰退有密切关系。部分奔巴人对阿拉伯-波斯族裔身份的认同激化了两岸之间的对立情绪。1984年以后,对联合体制不满的政治家掌握了桑给巴尔实权,最终引爆了分离主义运动。第一阶段,分离主义者依托革命党体制扩大影响,通过制造坦桑尼亚政府形式问题的争论,诱导岛内族群的分离主义情绪。革命党以"清党"的方式肃清党内分离主义者。第二阶段,分离主义者1992年组建"公民联合阵线",试图以竞选方式夺取岛内政权。革命党完善选举纲领,优化竞选策略,实现连续执政,挫败分离主义者以竞选助推分离的图谋。第三阶段,随着"公民联合阵线"放弃分离主义政纲,少数极端分离主义者采取暴力恐怖袭击以达成目标。联合政府打击暴力分离犯罪,维持了岛内秩序。在各个时期,坦桑尼亚联合政府都注重通过经济改革与扶持政策推动桑给巴尔经济发展,并以族群对话、宗教沟通等方式安抚桑给巴尔岛内的民众情绪,更重要的是,坦桑尼亚联合政府长期致力于国民身份认同建构与两岸一体化整合,取得了较好成效,实现了对分离主义的有效治理。

The rise of the separation movement in Zanzibar not only reflects the grievances of the masses on the island over Zanzibar’s declining status in the Tanzanian Union,but also is related to the economic recession in Zanzibar.The Arab-Persian identification of some Pemba islanders has intensified Zanzibar’s antagonism with the mainland Tanganika.Since 1984,politicians discontent with the union have stayed in power in Zanzibar,thus leading to the outbreak of a separation movement on the island.In the first phase of the movement,the separatists tried to expand their influence through the Chama Cha Mapinduzi(CCM)apparatus and stimulated separation sentiments by launching a debate on the form of the Union Government of Tanzania.After the CCM purge,the separatists were expelled from the ruling party.In the second phase of the movement,the separatists established the“Civic United Front”,also known as the Chama Cha Wananch,in 1992 and tried to seize power on the island through winning elections.The CCM improved its electoral platform,optimized its campaign strategy,and won reelection,hence thwarting the separatists’conspiracy to realize separation through elections.In the third phase of the movement,with the “Civic United Front”giving up its separation platform,a small number of extreme separatists began violent terrorist attacks to achieve the goal of separation.The Union Government cracked down on violent crimes for separation and preserved order in Zanzibar.In all these phases,the Union Government has always paid attention to promoting Zanzibar’s economic development through economic reform and supportive policies,and encouraged reconciliation among ethnic and religious groups through dialogue and communication.More importantly,the Union Government has been committed to national identity building and cross-strait integration,and made satisfactory achievements in this regard,thus achieving effective governance of separatism.