冷战、亚非作家会议与印度作家的“反-反殖民”立场之辨

The Cold War,Afro-Asian Writers' Conference,and An Analysis of Indian Writers' "Anti-anticolonial" Stance

1958年10月在塔什干召开的第一届亚非作家会议是历史上第一次以亚非作家为主体的国际文化盛事。印度派出了由26人组成的庞大代表团,试图增强自身在第三世界事务中的话语权和影响力。然而,大会开幕前夕,印度代表团团长班纳吉和安纳德就议程设置提出质疑,抗议将反殖民主义列入大会议程第一项。此举遭到其他与会国作家的批判,印度代表团由此被贴上"反-反殖民主义"的标签。通过考察印度作家组建代表团、参加筹委会、出席正式会议的全过程,特别是其间浮现的观念冲突和立场分歧,可以还原一个印度视角下的塔什干会议,并揭示"反-反殖民主义"表象之下的深层考量。作为印度代表团团长,班纳吉和安纳德思考行事的出发点不再停留在个体层面,而是上升到了国家利益的高度,因此不可避免地受到冷战格局下印度国际关系和外交路线的影响。他们一方面要维护印度在第三世界作家运动中的开创者地位和此前在德里亚洲作家会议中的贡献,另一方面也要避免破坏印度与西方世界的友好关系。这场戏剧性的风波体现了冷战初期印度知识界的复杂生态,也反映了印度从前殖民地向独立大国转型过程中的身份焦虑。

The first Afro-Asian Writers’ Conference,held in Tashkent in October 1958,was the first international cultural event that featured the writers from Asia and Africa as key players.India sent a huge delegation comprising 26 writers with the hope of increasing its voice and influence in Third World affairs.However,Tarashankar Banerjee and Mulk Raj Anand,co-leaders of the Indian delegation,took issue with the agenda on the eve of the conference,arguing against the inclusion of anticolonialism in the first item of the agenda.Their protest received harsh criticism from the writers of other countries and led to the Indian delegation being labelled "anti-anticolonialism".As leaders of the Indian delegation,Banerjee and Anand did not think and act on account of their personal preference,but rather from the viewpoint of national interest.This means that their decision-making was inevitably influenced by India’s international relations and foreign policies under Cold War circumstances.This dramatic event in Tashkent shows the complex ecology of Cold War Indian intelligentsia,as well as the identity anxiety of India as it was endeavoring to transform from a former colony to an independent world power.