巴赫金的超语言学理论及其评介

Thoughts on Bakhtin’s Theory of Metalinguistics

超语言学理论在巴赫金众多学术遗产中占有十分重要的地位。就其本质而言,超语言学是语言学乃至整个人文科学研究的一种方法论,也可以说是一种语言哲学。它基于对语言社会交际性的认识,以对话主义为哲学基础,强调人文科学应该立“人”为研究对象,树“文本”为研究课题,认为这种研究应该是跨越学科界限的,从而将“对话主义”“文本”“人”“话语”“跨学科”等核心概念纳入其中并融为一体,体现出浓厚的后结构主义特点:那就是跨学科、跨层次的人类中心论。不仅如此,超语言学无论在思想内涵还是在研究方法上都与马克思主义相关思想十分相近。它不仅给当时的语言学和人文科学研究提出了要求和指明了方向,而且对当下中国新文科建设也有着重要启示,在人类社会走向命运共同体的今天显得尤为珍贵。

The theory of metalinguistics occupies a very important position in Bakhtin’s academic heritage.As far as its essence is concerned,the metalinguistics is a methodology of linguistics and even the whole humanities research,which can also be said to be a philosophy of language.Based on the understanding of the social communicative nature of language with dialogism as the philosophical basis,it emphasizes that the humanities should take“human”as its research object and“text”as its research subject.It believes that this kind of research should cross the boundaries of disciplines,so as to integrate the core concepts of“dialogism”,“text”,“human”,“discourse”and“interdiscipline”,reflecting the strong characteristics of post-structuralism:that is the interdisciplinary and cross-level anthropocentrism.Moreover,both in the ideological connotation and in the research methods,metalinguistics is very similar to Marxism.It not only puts forward the requirements and points out the direction for the research of linguistics and humanities at that time,but also has important enlightenment for the construction of new liberal arts in China,and is particularly valuable to the concept of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind at present.