多元权力主体实践下民族村寨的旅游空间再生产--以贵州肇兴侗寨为例

Reproduction of Tourism Space in Ethnic Villages under the Practice of Multiple Power Subjects:A Case Study of Zhaoxing Dong Village in Guizhou Province

以贵州肇兴侗寨为案例地,运用列斐伏尔的空间生产理论,采用田野调查与深度访谈结合的方法,从物理空间、社会空间、意义空间3个维度审视多元权力主体的“物质-关系-情感”联结以及与旅游发展的自洽性。结果表明:1)物理空间在权力主体的更迭下得以重新规划,有助于劳动力的回流。村寨的原真性在规制的约束下得以维护,但建构的景观符号是对民族村寨的错位表达。2)对于社会空间中的冲突,当地居民采取退让不退出的策略与管理者达成空间错时使用与管理默契。威权人物寨老成为消解分歧、推动社会关系巩固与凝聚的代表。对游客及外来经营户的让渡与周全,体现了当地居民开放包容的待客之道与处事哲学。3)意义空间通过当地居民对节事、文化的情感注入,对文化惯习的传承、对乡约的承继、对怀旧物的回忆与想象得以再生产。对于处在发展上升期的民族村寨而言,多元权力主体会基于利益的共同性与社会关系的粘连性考虑,做出符合当地旅游发展与自身容纳限度的调适与让步,来适应旅游发展带来的空间变化。

In the context of tourism development,modernization and commercialization relentlessly colonize ethnic areas,reshaping the physical,social,and significant spaces of tourism destinations.Due to the influx of capital and the change of power subjects,ethnic tourism villages have become a new reality through the continuous deconstruction and construction of multiple subjects.The separation and integration of modernity and tradition has led to the alienation and tension of village social relations and structure.To examine the power subjects,spatial forms,spatial relations,and emotions involved in the process of tourism reproduction,this study,adopting Zhaoxing Dong village in Guizhou Province as a case,uses Lefebvre's theory of spatial production and the methods of field survey and in-depth interview to analyze the relationship between physical space,social space,and emotion from the three dimensions of social space and meaning space.This study assesses the"material-relationship-emotion"connection of multiple power subjects and self-consistency with tourism development.The results show the following.First,physical space can be replanned with the change of power subjects,which is conducive to the return of the labor force.The authenticity of villages can be maintained under discipline and control,but the constructed landscape symbol is the misplaced expression of ethnic villages.Second,for conflicts in the social space,local residents adopt the strategy of concession and do not withdraw,reaching a tacit understanding of space use and management at the wrong time with the managers.Zhailao,an authoritarian figure,has become a representative of resolving differences and promoting the consolidation and cohesion of social relations.Through the transfer and comprehensiveness of tourists and foreign operators,it reflects the open and inclusive hospitality and philosophy of local residents.Third,the meaning space can be reproduced through the local residents'emotional injection of festival events and culture,the inheritance of cultural habits,the inheritance of local conventions,and the memory and imagination of nostalgic things.From the perspective of tourism space reproduction,the study reviews and examines the multi space of Zhaoxing Dong village tourism and concludes that there are many social problems in Zhaoxing village,which imply many social contradictions.However,under the consensus of sharing interests,positive games,and harmonious coexistence,the multi-power subjects in Zhaoxing village have different opinions.After evaluating the development trend and potential of local tourism,they will make their own spatial arrangement,spatial compromise,relationship concession,and emotional adjustment under the consideration of multi-mediation,multi-organization coordination,and multi-relationships,to adapt to the changes in the physical,social,and meaning spaces engendered by tourism development.These changes can help shape the modern local culture,maintain the original rural style,embody ethnic customs,and carry forward rural humanistic and moral values.Moreover,they can provide a practical reference for the sustainable development of tourism and the prosperity and revitalization of beautiful ethnic villages.