关于合同效力的几个问题

Several Problems on the Validity of Contract

《民法典》在总结以往民事立法经验和民事司法经验的基础上形成了完整的合同效力体系,司法解释亦就司法实践中涉及合同效力认定的大量疑难问题作出了规定。现行法将影响合同效力的因素区分为有效要件(一般生效要件)和特别生效要件,从而为准确界定未生效合同的法律地位提供了依据。在认定须经批准的合同效力时,既要注意区分原则的运用,也要注意其与合同因违法而无效之间的区别,合理划定各自的适用范围。在判断合同因违法而无效时,不仅要区分效力性强制性规定和管理性强制性规定,而且要与诚实信用原则相协调,审慎考量不诚信一方关于合同无效的主张。以违反公序良俗为由认定违反规章的合同无效,须进行充分说理,不能仅以规章涉及公共利益或者公共秩序为由就认定合同无效。此外,《民法典》第146条不仅为处理法律规避行为提供了依据,也为无效合同的转换提供了依据。

The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the“Civil Code”)has formed a complete system of contract validity based on the summary of previous civil legislative experience and civil judicial experience,and the interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court has also provided for a large number of difficult issues involving the determination of contract validity in judicial practice.The current law distinguishes the factors affecting the validity of contracts into valid elements(general elements of validity)and special elements of validity,thus providing a basis for accurately defining the legal status of nonvalid contracts.In determining the validity of contracts subject to approval,attention should be paid to both the application of the principle of distinction and the differences between it and the invalidity of contracts due to violation of law,so as to reasonably delineate the scope of application of each.In determining the invalidity of contracts due to violation of law,it is necessary not only to distinguish between effective mandatory provisions and regulatory mandatory provisions,but also to coordinate with the bona fide doctrine,and to carefully consider the claims of the dishonest party regarding the invalidity of the contract.To invalidate a contract that violates a regulation on the grounds of violation of public order and good customs,adequate reasoning must be conducted,and the contract cannot be invalidated solely on the grounds that the regulation involves public interest or public order.In addition,Article 146 of the Civil Code not only provides a basis for dealing with legal circumvention,but also provides a basis for conversion of invalid contracts.