合同解除后主张赔偿损失与适用违约金条款探析——以《民法典》第566条为视角

On the Claim for Damages and the Application of Liquidated Damages after the Termination of the Contract--From the Perspective of Article 566 of Civil Code

《民法典》规定合同因违约而解除,守约方有权要求违约方承担违约责任。在无约定违约金情形下,合同解除后,守约方请求损害赔偿涉及损害赔偿的构成要件、损失范围的界定、损害赔偿应当符合可预见性原则,同时需要考虑守约方是否符合损益相抵规则以及与有过失规则。在约定有违约金情形下,需要考量实际违约情形是否符合援引合同约定的违约金条款的条件。对于损害赔偿请求权与违约金条款的司法审查和判断,包括守约方对于违约损害赔偿和违约金条款是否具有选择权,如何行使选择权,何种情形下可以同时主张违约金和赔偿损失。本文以实际案例作为分析样本,并对审判实务中常见的合同解除后守约方损害赔偿请求权、违约金请求权以及违约方相关抗辩事由作出分析。

The civil code clearly stipulates that if a contract is terminated due to breach of contract,the observant party has the right to require the breaching party to bear the liability for breach of contract.In the absence of liquidated damages,after the termination of the contract,the non breaching party's claim for damages involves the constitutive requirements of damages,the defining of the scope of losses,and the principle of predictability.At the same time,it needs to consider whether the non breaching party complies with the rule of profit and loss offset and the rule of negligence.In the case of liquidated damages,we need to consider whether the actual breach of contract is in line with the conditions of invoking the liquidated damages provisions of the contract.The judicial review and judgment of the right of claim for damages and liquidated damages includes that whether the observant party has the right to choose the terms of liquidated damages and liquidated damages,how to exercise the right of choice,and under what circumstances it can claim both liquidated damages and damages.This article will take the actual cases as the analysis sample,in order to analyze the common cases in the judicial practice,such as the right to claim compensation for the loss of the observant party,the right to claim liquidated damages and the relevant defenses of the defaulting party.