战时成人再造:1939年广西的成人教育年运动

Re-moulding Adults During the Anti-Japanese War:A Review of Guangxi Adult Education Campaign in 1939

1939年广西成人教育年运动是大后方成人民族教育发展的缩影,是战时大后方社会动员的重要举措之一。该运动推行期间力图通过对成人的文化、政治、生活技能等教育训练,从民族意识、社会建设与改造等方面入手,对文盲、半文盲成人进行重新改造,以实现战时后方社会动员和建设目标。在成人教育年运动推行中,广西集中有限的人力、物力、财力,通过举办成人班,强迫18—45岁成人文盲和半文盲入班学习,成人班设置的抗战讲话、国语、时事报告、抗战歌曲、集会活动等课程与活动,通过多种教学形式,力图将战时民众生产、生活需要与战时社会动员等结合起来,以实现战时对成人的再改造。通过成人教育年教育运动使180余万广西成人在成人班结业,在大后方轰动一时,是抗战时期大后方成人教育的创举。在运动中,为保证成人班取得实效,广西成人教育年从筹备到师资培训、教材选择、课程设置、学时,以及工作视导和考核进行联动,从而使广西成人教育年运动取得了一定成效。该运动因虽是战时的应急之策,且问题丛生,但是其经验与教训值得镜鉴。

The 1939 Guangxi adult education campaign was the epitome of the development of national education for adults on the home front and was also one of the important measures for social mobilization during the war.Through educating and training adults’cultural,political and life skills,the illiterate and semi-illiterate adults were re-moulded from the aspects of national consciousness and social construction and transformation so as to realize the goal of social mobilization and construction on the home front in wartime.During its implementation,Guangxi concentrated the limited human,material and financial resources to offer adult classes for the illiterate and semi-illiterate aged 18-45.With a variety of courses and activities such as Anti-Japanese War speeches,Mandarin,current affairs reports,Anti-Japanese War songs,assembly activities and through multiple teaching modes,the classes attempted to integrate people’s production and living needs with social mobilization in order to achieve the re-moulding of adults.More than 1.8 million adults in Guangxi completed the required courses in the campaign,which caused a stir and was considered as a pioneering act of adult education on the home front during the Anti-Japanese War.During the campaign,in order to ensure the effectiveness of adult classes,great efforts were made on a series of aspects like preparatory work,teachers’training,selection of teaching materials,arrangement of courses,credit hours and work guidance and assessment as well.Although the campaign was a stopgap in wartime and fraught with problems,its experience and lessons were worthy of reference.