家庭抚育模式:农村青年妇女低生育意愿的分析视角

Model of family upbringing:an analysis perspective of rural young women's low fertility intention

城镇化背景下,农村青年妇女的生育意愿远低于预期,这需从农民家庭抚育模式视角解释。在一些高度城镇化的农村,抚育模式从夫妻粗放式养育转变为婆媳精细化培优。农民家庭抚育主体从夫妻变为婆媳,抚育成本变高,方式更精细。在新型抚育模式下,个体压力和代际支持压力机制共同抑制了青年妇女的生育意愿。个体压力机制表现为生育将带来核心家庭再生产压力大、女性职业发展困境、社会交往受阻与生理劳累,导致年轻媳妇不想生;代际支持压力机制表现为婆婆因抚育义务刚性化风险、自养财富积累受阻、老年夫妻感情生活牺牲以及家庭抚育地位边缘化而不愿带。这说明农民家庭在生育决策上有自己的行动逻辑,积极的生育政策应以农民家庭为单位,系统完善生育、抚育、教育、养老等公共政策。

Under the background of urbanization,the fertility intention of young women in rural areas is far lower than expected,which can be explained from the perspective of rural family upbringing model.In some highly urbanized rural areas,the upbring ing mode has changed from extensive parenting for husband and wife to intensive parenting for mother-in-law and daughter-in-law with higher cost and more sophisticated methods.Under the new parenting model,individual pressure and intergenerational sup port pressure inhibit young women's fertility desire.Individual pressure come from the fact that childbirth will bring difficulties in nuclear family reproduction,female career development,social communication and physical fatigue,resulting in young daughter-in-law do not want to have children;the intergenerational support pressure is that the mother-in-law is unwilling to take care of the children because of the risk of rigid care obligation,the obstruction of self-supporting wealth accumulation,the sacrifice of emotional life and the marginalization of family upbringing status.This shows that the farmer family has its own logic in the fertili ty decision,and the positive fertility policy should take the farmer family as the unit,and systematically improve the public poli cies of fertility,upbringing,education,pension and so on.