从文化学角度审视《易·大象》对卦象的解读——以小畜、贲、大畜、旅四卦为例

An Interpretation of the Divinatory Symbols in Chapter “Daxiang” of I Ching from the Perspective of Culturology:Taking the Four Symbols of`“Xiaoxu” “Bi” “Daxu” and “Lyu” as Examples

《大象》对《周易》古经的个别卦象的解读,有的语焉不详致使后人解说不一,有的似与卦爻辞所述尚有出入,有的则可能属于误读。今从文化学角度借助古文字学以及考古文物资料,就小畜、贲、大畜、旅四卦的卦象解读为例提出一点浅见:初步认为小畜卦"风行天上"乃风推云集小有蓄聚的自然天象,而后人的理解大多与此天象无关;贲卦"山下有火"描述的似为古人在山崖下或山洞里生火群居之象,后人将之释为火光向上照耀山形山貌而显现文饰,恐有望文生义之嫌;大畜卦上艮下乾的卦象乃内刚健外阻止之象,描述的应当是古人进山打猎、蓄养猎物之象,而非"天在山中"的虚象;旅卦上离下艮的卦象似为鸟在山上飞来飞去外出觅食、终将返巢之象以喻旅人和旅行,而非"山上有火"之象。

The interpretations of some divinatory symbols in the I Ching are not clear,which lead to different interpretations and misunderstandings.From the point of view of culturology,taking the interpretation of the divinatory symbols of the xiaoxu小畜,bi贲,daxu大畜 and lv旅 as examples,with the help of ancient script and archaeological relics,this article puts forward some simple views and draw some preliminary conclusions.For xiaoxu divinatory symbol,“wind blowing in the sky” is the natural meteorological phenomenon that the wind pushes the clouds together and accumulates,but some former understandings had nothing to do with this meteorological phenomenon.For bi divinatory symbol,“there is fire under the mountain” describs scenes as if the group-living ancients who made fire under the cliff or in the cave,and some scholars interpret it as the scenes that the fire lighting the mountain and showing the brilliance,which may not make sense.For daxu divinatory symbol,with the meaning of “powerful inside and preventing outside,” should describe the situation of the ancients hunting in the mountains and rearing captured animals,rather than the illusory scene of “heaven in the mountains.” The lv divinatory symbol refers to a bird out looking for food,flying up and down the mountain,will eventually return to the nest,as a metaphor for travelers and travel,rather than “there is fire on the mountain.”